Lecture 1: Foundation of Biochemistry: Water, Molecular Interactions Flashcards
What are the 6 kingdoms of life
Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Nucleolus
single, circular DNA molecule; ribosomal synthesis
Pili
Points of adhesion to surface
Flagella
Propels to surroundings
Ribosomes
Smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes; Protein Synthesis
Cell Envelope
Surrounds cell
Nucleus
Contains chromatin
Nuclear Envelope
Separates chromatin from cytoplasm
Nucleolus
Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis
Plasma Membrane
regulates movement of materials in and out of cell
Mitochondrion
ATP production
Rough ER
protein synthesis
Smooth ER
lipid synthesis & drug metabolism
Golgi Complex
Processes, packages and targets proteins to other organelles for export
Transport Vesicles
shuttles lipids and proteins between ER, Golgi and PM
Lysosome
degrades intracellular debris
Cytoskeleton
supports cell; aids in movement of organelles
Peroxisome
oxidizes Fatty Acids
Ribosomes
Protein Synthesizing machines
Chloroplast
harvests sunlight, produces ATP and carbs
Starch granules
temporarily stores carb products of photosynthesis
Thylakoids
site of light-driven ATP synthesis
Cell Wall
provides shape and rigidity; protects cell from osmotic swelling
Vacuole
degrades and recycles macromolecules, stores metabolites
Plasmodesma
provides path between two plant cells
Glyoxysome
contains enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle
Which is NOT a feature of Bacteria?
Pili Flagella Cell Envelope Ribosomes
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
Bacterial structure; contains DNA
Difference between Gram (+)/ Gram (-)
Gram (-) has a cellular envelope with an outer membrane; Gram (+) has a cellular envelope without an outer membrane
Phototrophs
energy from light
Chemotrophs
energy from oxidation of chemical fuels
True of false; Biomolecules are Carbon based
True
What are stereoisomers?
Molecules with the same chemical bonds but different configurations.
What are geometric isomers?
Differ in the arrangement of their substituent groups with respect to a non rotating double bond.
What are isomers with mirror images of each other?
Enantiomers
What are isomers that are NOT mirror images of each other?
Diastereomers
What are two ways that enzymes speed up reactions
Couple to a fast one; Lower activation energy
Metabolic reactions require energy? True or False
If true, is it Endergonic or Exergonic
True
Endergonic
Do endergonic Reactions have a (+) or (-) DeltaG?
(+)
Do exergonic Reactions have a (+) or (-) DeltaG?
(-)
True or False; Catalysts alter the Delta G?
False; catalysts do NOT alter DeltaG
Endergonic. Favorable or Unfavorable
unfavorable
Exergonic. Favorable or Unfavorable
favorable
What are the (4) types of non-covalent interactions?
(HI-DV= Hi Devon)
Hydrophobic Effect- Ionic (Coulombic)
Dipole Interactions - Van der Waals
Hydrophobic Effect
Ordering of water molecules around non-polar substances
Ionic (Coulombic)
Electrostatic interactions bt. permanently charges species or between the ion and a permanent dipole
Dipole Interactions
Electrostatic Interactions bt. uncharged- polar molecules