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APS206: Biotechnology & Food Security > Lecture 1: Food Security > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Food Security Flashcards

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1
Q

World Food Summit of 1996 definition of FOOD SECURITY

A

“when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life”

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2
Q

do more people die from hunger & malnutrition or AIDS, tuberculosis & maria each year

A

hunger & malnutrition

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3
Q

more than ______ people still do not have access to sufficient protein & energy in their diet

A

one in seven

& even more suffer from some form of micronutrient malnourishment

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4
Q

food production and availability are ____ distributed

A

UNevenly

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5
Q

what does the Global Hunger Index show:

A
  • % of people undernourished, proportion of children under 5 underweight & mortality rate of children under 5
  • Shows that proportions are unevenly distributed globally
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6
Q

in 2013 how many people were recorded as undernourished

A

One Billion (not rlly changed much)

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7
Q

what happened in 2008-2011 in relation to food security

A
  • food & fertiliser prices spiked, so food security became major political issue
  • droughts in many countries
  • increased use of land to grow cereals for biofuels
  • resulted in civil unrest
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8
Q

in 2008 + 2011 which staple food prices rocketed

A
  • wheat by 130%
  • sorghum by 87%
  • rice by 74%
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9
Q

food security problems + challenges:

A
  • population growth
  • increased wealth
  • decrease in the annual incremental increase in yields of major crops and the ‘yield’ gaps
  • loss of crops to pests, weeds & diseases
  • food producers are experiencing greater competition for land, water & energy
  • World energy demands are increasing and more land is being used to grow crops for biofuels rather than food.
  • There is a need to curb the many negative effects of food production on the environment.
  • Need for sustainability of agriculture
  • Climate is changing
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10
Q

the World Bank estimates that cereal production needs to increase by __% and meat production by __% between 2000 and 2050 to meet demand of a _____

A 
cereal = 70% 
meat = 85%

GROWING POPULATION

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11
Q

decrease in the annual incremental increase in yields of major crops and there are ‘yield gaps’ between developing & developed countries explanation

A
  • major crops production has been increasing year on year however is beginning to plateaux
  • yield gaps are different between developing and developed countries, climate, resources, water etc
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12
Q

increased wealth of people on food security

A

with higher purchasing power comes higher consumption and a greater demand of processed food which add pressure to the food supply system

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13
Q

between __ & __% of crop harvest are lost to pests, weeds and diseases

A

20 & 40%

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14
Q

the world population is projected to grow by __% from _ billion today to __ billion in 2050

A

34%
7 billion to 9.1 billion

Most of the population increase will tea enlace in developing countries

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15
Q

movement of people in developing countries

A

those traditionally involved in agriculture are moving to the cities

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16
Q

the fields of major crops are / are not rising fast enough

A

ARE NOT

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17
Q

example showing the green revolution:

A

10,000 years for food grain production to reach 1 billion tonnes in 1960, but only another 40 years to reach 2 billion in 2000

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18
Q

the Green Revolution resulted from the

A

creation of genetically improved crop varieties, (by BREEDING, genetics led to GR), & improved agronomic practices. More food & CHEAPER

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19
Q

figures since the first high yielding variety of rice was released in 1966

A

= the rice are land harvested has only increased by 20%, whereas the average rice yield has doubled & prices have fallen

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20
Q

a 50% increase in crop yields in 40 years requires a compound rate of increase of ___% per annum

A

~1%

21
Q

genetic potential of crops to increase is

A

plateauxing,

22
Q

yield gaps between Africa and developed world

A

cereal yields in Africa have grown little & arearound 1.2 tonnes per hectare, compared to an average yield of some 3-4 tonnes per hectare in the developing world

23
Q

why do yield gaps exist?

A

farmers do not have sufficient economic incentives to adopt yield enhancing seeds or cropping techniques

24
Q

yield gap: what restricts the farmers in developing countries

A
  • lack of access to information & technical skills
  • poor infrastructure creates obstacles to the adoption of improved technologies at farm-level
  • available technologies haven’t been adapted to local conditions
25
Q

Solutions to yield gaps:

A
  • changes in crop management techniques
  • plant breeding: adapting varieties to local conditions & making them more resilient to biotic & abiotic stresses
26
Q

e.g. of biotic stresses

A

insects, diseases, viruses

27
Q

e.g. od abiotic stresses

A

droughts, floods

28
Q

global yield loss due to BIOTIC stresses averages over __% of the estimated attainable yield across major cereals

A

30%

29
Q

how can we increase food production?

A
  • address existing ‘yield gaps’
  • expand areas of land on which crops are gown
  • invest in research and development
  • exploit biotechnological developments in agriculture to increase yields
  • reduce losses due to weeds, pests & diseases
30
Q

has crop land increased enough to meet global demand?

A

NO,

31
Q

can we expand the area on which crops are grown?

A
  • world has land reserves which could be in theory be converted to arable land, most potential in developing outcries but infrastructure is poor
  • competition for land with other things
  • some of the lands currently not used have important ecological functions which would be lost
  • more food from the sam for less land area would be ideal
32
Q

examples competition for land to grow more cops

A

increased urbanisation, biofuels, desertification, salinisation, soil erosion, & other consequences of unsustainable land management practices

33
Q

~__% of pre-harvest losses due to pests

A

30% (Varies slightly)

34
Q

pre-harvest losses to disease, insects and weeds is higher in developed / developing countries

A

DEVELOPING

35
Q

is animal farming an efficient way of using crops?? + diet change in developing world

A

NO

  • increasing wealth leads to increased demand for meat & dairy products.
  • 4kg-8kg of grains in animal feed to produce 1 kg of meat
36
Q

in Brazil an area the size of all the agriculture land in _ is used to grow soybeans to feed ___

A

SWITZERLAND

swiss livestock

37
Q

since the 1980’s oil production and oil reserve discovery correlation

A

oil production exceed the discovery of new oil reserves

38
Q

world primary energy demand will grow bu __% between 2008 + 2035 (World Energy Outloo 2010)

A

36%

39
Q

Non-OECD countries account for __% of the projected increase in oil, ___ alone account for 36%

A

93%

CHINA

40
Q

a rise in the oil price increases the

A

economic appeal of energy form biomass

41
Q

efforts to protect the climate mean that ___ at the centre of governmental attention

A

BIOFUELS

  • US$15 billion in the OECD (2007)
42
Q

__% if global farmland would be beefed in 2030 to replace only 10% of the oil demand

A

30%

43
Q

According to FAO projections biofuels production may increase to ____ billion litres in 2018 depending on :

A
  • 192 billion litres

..the future price of crude oils an don support policies in major countries

44
Q

the demand for agricultural feedstocks (sugar, maize, oilseeds) for liquid biofuels is expected to

A

continue to grow, putting upward pressure on food prices

45
Q

for every 10 ears of corn that are grown in the USA how are they consumed

A
  • 2 are consumed directly by humans as food

- remaining 8 are used in almost equal shares for animal feed & for ethanol

46
Q

how will climate change affect agriculture and forestry systems:

A

through higher temperatures, elevated CO2, precipitation changes, increased weeds, pests and disease pressure.

47
Q

global mean surface temperature is projected to rise in a range from
+ affect on food security

A
  1. 8 to 4 degrees celsius by 2100
    - more or less sever impacts on all components, food production and availability, stability of food supplies, access to food and food utilization.
48
Q

the impacts of climate change on crop production are

A

geographically very un evenly distributed, as some places get worse at growing certain crops others will benefit slightly. Negative impact on the economy of Africa is estimated to be about 30%

APS206: Biotechnology & Food Security (19 decks)

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