Lecture 1- Europe

Question 1

Where does European medicine have its roots?

Answer 1

In the Nile valley of Egypt

Question 2

How far back does evidence of medicinal use of plants in Europe date back?

Answer 2

At least 5,000 years

Question 3

What is the earliest extant record of medicinal plant use in Europe?

Answer 3

Ebers Papyrus

Question 4

Who recovered Ebers Papyrus? When?

Answer 4

Edwin Smith at Thebes in 1862

Question 5

Who purchased the Ebers Papyrus after it was recovered? When?

Answer 5

German Egyptologist Georg Ebers in 1873

Question 6

When was Ebers Papyrus written?

Answer 6

3,550 ya

Question 7

Ebers Papyrus was written in 3,550y a, but why is it said to be much older?

Answer 7

Because it contains reference to medicinal knowledge from the VI Dynasty (4,500ya)

Question 8

What is Ebers papyrus and what does it contain?

Answer 8

It is a 20.3m scull, 110 pages, listing over 700 remedies and recipes for the treatment of various diseases and symptoms

Question 9

How many remedies and recipes does the Ebers Papyrus contain?

Answer 9

700

Question 10

What is castor oil used as today?

Answer 10

An effective laxative

Question 11

T or F: Anumber of plants mentioned in the Ebers Papyrus are still used today.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

Who completed DeMateria Medica in 77CE?

Answer 12

Dioscorides (40-90CE)

Question 13

Which Roman expanded on Dioscorides work and produced an encyclopedic work of Greek medical teaching with greater attention to pharmacology?

Answer 13

Galen

Question 14

Which empire fell in 476CE?

Answer 14

western Roman Empire

Question 15

What was the time between the 5-15 century called and what was established at this time?

Answer 15

The Middle Ages where a number of medical schools were established in Europe

Question 16

Which medical schools were established in Europe in the middle ages?

Answer 16

Montpellier, Oxford University, U of Paris, U of Bologna

Question 17

Who was Constantine the African?

Answer 17

• a Muslim from Runisian who contributed to the accumulation of ancient knowledge.
• Translated Islamic medical text into Latin for the Salerno school

Question 18

When was the printing press and movable type invented? And by who?

Answer 18

1450, by Johannes Gutenberg

Question 19

When was the Renaissance period and what were the major advances at this time?

Answer 19

1470-1670, major advances were made in European medicine

Question 20

What was known as incunabula “Age of Herbals”? During what years?

Answer 20

Early/”Cradle” year of printing. 1450-1500

Question 21

Who wrote the work De Historia Stirpium and what did it describe and include?

Answer 21

Leonhart Fuchs (Basel, 1542). It described plants based on early Greek and Roman Text
It included woodcut illustrations and high botanical accuracy

Question 22

Who’s work was largely a translation of Dioscorides?

Answer 22

Pier Andrea Mattiolo (Venice, 1544)

Question 23

Who is responsible for the work The New Herball? What did it include?

Answer 23

William Turner (London, 1551).
It described the medicinal plants used in Europe and detailed comments on the efficacy of herbal remedies

Question 24

Who’s work included over 800 accurate and beautiful woodcuts?

Answer 24

Rembert Dodoens (Antwerp, 1554). Book of Herbs
1597, John Gerard printed Herbal plagiarized from Dodoens work

Question 25

Who’s work promoed the idea of “ plant indicators”? What does it mean?

Answer 25

Giambattista Porta (Naples, 1588), Phytognomonica.
plants take on the appearance of the organ or ailment that they cure