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Endocrine Physiology > Lecture 1: Endocrine Physiology > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Endocrine Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine disorders affect ____ Americans?

A

1:5, 20%, 65million people

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2
Q

What are the two major controls of the body?

A

Endocrine and nervous system

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3
Q

What type of hormone is insulin?

A

Peptide

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4
Q

What type of hormone is glucagon?

A

Peptide

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5
Q

What type of hormone is testosterone and cortisol?

A

Steroid

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6
Q

What type of hormone is Renin?

A

Trick question, it is an ENZYME not a hormone

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7
Q

Name the secretion method of the endocrine system

A

Upon stimulation, endocrine cells secrete hormones into interstitial fluid which diffuse into capillaries/ the blood stream and will affect target cells with the correct receptor type

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8
Q

Name the control method of the nervous system

A

There is a 1 to 1 synapse of nerves on a specific cell type

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9
Q

Name the message transmission, local or general affects, and what specificity depends on for: synaptic chemical signaling

A

Message transmission: across synaptic cleft
Affects are: local
Specificity depends on: anatomic location and receptors

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10
Q

Name the message transmission, local or general affects, and what specificity depends on for: paracrine and autocrine

A

Message transmission: by diffusion in interstitial fluid
Affects are: local via diffusion
Specificity depends on: receptors

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11
Q

Name the message transmission, local or general affects, and what specificity depends on for: endocrine

A

Message transmission: by circulating body fluids (blood)
Affects are: general
Specificity depends on: receptors

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12
Q

Name the message transmission, local or general affects, and what specificity depends on for: neuro-endocrine

A

Message transmission: by circulating body fluids
Affects are: general
Specificity depends on: receptors

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13
Q

What is the definition of a hormone?

A

Chemical substance released in SMALL quantities from endocrine glands that travels through circulatory system to elicit responses in target cells/tissues

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14
Q

What are neurohormones?

A

Hormones released by nerves

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15
Q

Is CO2 a hormone?

A

NO! Neither are second messengers (cAMP) or prostaglandins

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16
Q

What are examples of hormones under control of the neuroendocrine system?

A

Epinephrine secreted from adrenal medulla
ADH/Oxytocin secreted from Posterior Pituitary
Hypothalamic releasing hormones from Hypothalmus

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17
Q

What are the hormones released by the Posterior Pituitary?

A

ADH (Vasopressin) and Oxytocin (OT)

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18
Q

What is the mnemonic to aid in remembering hormones of the Post Pit?

A

Audio Osmosis (ADH and Oxytocin)

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19
Q

What is the abbreviation for Oxytocin?

A

OT

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20
Q

What are the main actions of Vasopression/ADH?

A

Water excretion by the kidney (thus body water) via anti-diuretic,
Vasopressive activity

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21
Q

What is the chemical nature of vasopression?

A

Peptide hormone

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22
Q

What causes the release of vasopression?

A

Increased plasma osmolarity

Decreased mean arterial pressure

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23
Q

What causes decreased release of ADH?

A

Increased water consumption

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24
Q

What is the major function of OT?

A

Milk “let down”

Uterine motility

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25
Q

What is the chemical nature of OT?

A

Peptide hormone

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26
Q

What increases release of OT?

A

Nursing
Stretch of cervix
Orgasm

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27
Q

What are the three general categories of hormones?

A

Steroids/steroid like hormones
Amino acid derivatives
Peptides and proteins

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28
Q

Why is it important to know the chemical make up of a hormone?

A

Aids in knowing its: Administration, storage, receptor location, cellular mechanism of action, transport around body, metabolism, effective time of action

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29
Q

What endocrine gland secretes aldosterone?

A

Adrenal cortex

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30
Q

What is the major function of aldosterone?

A

Control Na+ & K+ excretion of kidneys (thus influencing body Na, K, and fluid volume

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31
Q

What increases secretion of aldosterone?

A

Decreased blood pressure
Decreased plasma volume
Increased renin
Increased Ang II

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32
Q

What decreases secretion of aldosterone?

A

Increased blood pressure
Increased plasma volume
Decreased renin
Decreased Ang II

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33
Q

What are the main classes of steroid hormone?

A

Androgens, estrogens, progestagens, mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, steroid-like

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34
Q

Name the common androgens

A

Testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, weaker androgens

35
Q

Name the common estrogens

A

Estradiol-17beta, estrone, estriol

36
Q

Name the common mineralcorticoids

A

Aldosterone, deoxycoticosterone

37
Q

Name the common glucocorticoids

A

Cortisol, corticosterone

38
Q

Name the “steroid like” hormones

A

Vitamin D derivatives: colecalciferol

39
Q

What are ALL steroid hormones derived from?

A

Cholesterol

40
Q

What are the 4 enzymes need to know in steroid hormone synthesis?

A

5-alpha-reductase
Aromatase
11-beta-hydroxylase
Cholesterol-side chain cleavage enzyme

41
Q

What is the function of 5-alpha-reductase?

A

Conversion of testosterone to dihyrotestosteone

42
Q

What is the function of aromatase?

A

Conversion of androgen to estrogen

43
Q

What is the function of 11-beta-hydroxylase?

A

Conversion of cotricosterone to cortisol

44
Q

What is the function of cholesterol-side chain cleavage enzyme?

A

First step in cholesterol synthesis

45
Q

What are the amino acid derivatives?

A

Catecholamines, thyroid hormones, melatonin

46
Q

What are the thyroid hormones and catecholamines derived from?

A

Tyrosine

47
Q

What are the catecholamines?

A

Norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine (NED)

48
Q

What are the abbreviations for catecholamines?

A

NE, Epi, DA

49
Q

What is another name for dopamine?

A

Prolactin inhibitory hormone (PIH)

50
Q

What are the thyroid hormones?

A

Thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3)

51
Q

What is the most potent thyroid hormone?

A

Tri-iodothyronine (T3)

52
Q

What is the most common thyroid hormone in circulation?

A

Thyroxine (T4)

53
Q

What is the “cut-off” for peptides?

A

MW less than 6,000kDa

54
Q

What is the cut-off for protein hormone?

A

MW greater than 6,000kDa

55
Q

What are the 5 protein hormones produced by Ant. Pit?

A

Growth hormone, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone, lutenizing hormone, thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone)

56
Q

What are the protein hormones made by placenta?

A

Chronic gonadotropin, placental lactogen

57
Q

What are the proteins made by the kidneys?

A

Erythropoietin and Renin

58
Q

What are the proteins made by the adipose tissue?

A

Leptin, and resistin

59
Q

What is the protein made by bone?

A

FGF23

60
Q

What are the pepetide hormones?

A

Insulin, parathyroid hormone, oxytocin, corticotropin, relaxin, angiotensin II, tymosin, glucagon, calcitonin, vasopressin, melanocyte stimulating hormone, inhibin, atrial natriuretic peptides, GI hormones, hypothalamic releasing hormones: CRH, TRH, GnRH, GHRH, Somatostatin, PRH

61
Q

What are the types of actions a hormone can cause?

A

Direct actions
Indirect actions
Permissive action

62
Q

What is a direct action of a hormone?

A

Affects of hormone release can by observed at target tissue

63
Q

What is the indirect action of a hormone?

A

Hormone’s effects are not readily observed as it may cause effect release of another hormone which causes action

64
Q

What is Permissive action?

A

A hormone acts in conjunction with another hormone to increase its effectiveness. Examples of permissive hormones include cortisol and thyroid hormones

65
Q

Where are the possible locations for hormone receptors?

A

Intracellular and plasma membrane

66
Q

What types of hormones use intracellular receptors?

A

Steroid and thyroid hormones

67
Q

What types of hormones use plasma membrane receptors?

A

Peptide hormones, catecholamines, protein hormones

68
Q

What is the action of activated intracellular receptors?

A

Increased gene transcriptions

69
Q

What is the action of activated plasma membrane receptors?

A

Activation of second messengers

70
Q

What is the functions of second messengers?

A

Amplification of signal/hormone

Dispersion of signal around cell

71
Q

What type of receptor usually has longer lasting effects?

A

Intracellular receptor

72
Q

What type of receptor usually triggers shorter term effects?

A

Plasma membrane receptors

73
Q

How do hormones travel in blood?

A

Hormones are either free or bound

74
Q

What determines whether bound or free?

A

Solubility in plasma

75
Q

What from of hormones is recognized by target cells and feedback sensors?

A

Free hormone

76
Q

Total concentration of hormone in blood=

A

Bound+free hormone

77
Q

Define Circadian (Diurnal) Rhythm of hormone secretion

A

One major release per day e.g. cortisol

78
Q

Define Ultradian rhythms

A

Secretion multiple times per day

79
Q

Define pulsatile secretion

A

Type of ultradian rhythm where there are regular pulses at set time intervals

80
Q

Stimulus induced secretion

A

hormone release upon stimulus

81
Q

How is plasma concentration of hormone altered?

A

Change hormone secretion rate, change amount of hormone binding protein, change rate of hormone degradation

82
Q

Positive feedback

A

Endocrine system’s response to stimulus reinforces that stimulus

83
Q

Examples of positive feedback in endocrine system

A

Stretch of cervix in labor, suckling of baby on “milk let down”

84
Q

Negative feedback

A

Endocrine system’s response to stimulus negates stimulus

Endocrine Physiology (1 decks)

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