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Med Phys S1 > Lecture 1 E1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 E1 Flashcards

1
Q

What adjustments does our body make during elevated altitudes? (Kidney and Lungs)

A

Our lungs increase their ventilation, alveoli, and lung capacity and our kidneys secrete erythropoeitin to the bone marrow to increase our RBC production.

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2
Q

What is disuse atrophy?

A

Loss of muscle due to lack of use. Calcium leaves bones and they become very brittle.
Can happen commonly in bedbound people or in space.

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3
Q

What is the frailty syndrome?

A

The frailty syndrome is used to describe the general effects of age on muscle mass, strength, stamina, and general fitness.

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4
Q

how does our body remain cool in intense heat

A

heat dissepates throuhgout body and is stored when needed

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5
Q

what is angiogenesis

A

if tissues are lacking oxygen, the body can make new blood vessels to increase it

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6
Q

What is sarcopenia and how do we prevent it?

A

Loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength as we age. It can be greatly slowed by exercising consistently.

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7
Q

When does collateral circulation occur and why?

A

network of bypass vessels- Typically occurs in areas that are scarred from ischemia. It is used to bypass the scarred area to restore blood flow, such as with a heart. (bypass MI to get to where it is needed)

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8
Q

How much of our body’s fluid is ECF? (% and amt)

A

usually 1/3, and that is around 14L on average.

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9
Q

why are cells so tiny

A

for oxygen to diffuse in the cell if it’s too big, it can’t transport and cells die

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10
Q

RBC

A

gas transport

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11
Q

pancreatic cell

A

hormone and enzyme production

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12
Q

muscle cell

A

movement of skeleton

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13
Q

what is differentiation

A

differentiation= dna expression

genes in the DNA determines what each cell does… all DNA in cells is the same but depends upon the expression of DNA and what protein (and shape) it has

differentiates between cell types

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14
Q

cells can function only if internal environment has correct

A

concentration of…
oxygen
amino acids
ions
fatty acids glucose
etc

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of ECF?

A

It is in constant motion
It is mainly our circulating blood
It can diffuse to tissues through capillary walls.

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16
Q

How fast does all the blood in our body circulate?

A

Once a minute.

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17
Q

Why are capillaries located extremely close to cells?

A

In order to maximize their rate of diffusion. They are typically less than 50 micrometers away.

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18
Q

What are the walls of capillaries not very permeable to?

A

Plasma proteins

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19
Q

What are the two stages of ECF transport?

A

Circulation of blood and diffusion of molecules between plasma and interstitial fluid.

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20
Q

What ions are found in high concentration in the ECF?

A

Sodium
Chloride
calcium
Bicarbonate
glucose,fatty acids
PO2,Co2
PH

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21
Q

What ions are found in high concentration in a cell?

A

Potassium
Magnesium
Phosphate
sulfate

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22
Q

What 4 organs remove metabolic waste products from our blood?

A

Lungs, kidney, GI tract, and Liver

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23
Q

What 4 organs/systems use the nutrients in our ECF?

A

Lungs, GI tract, Liver, and Musculoskeletal system.

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24
Q

What is a MET?

A

Metabolic Equivalent

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25
How many METS are required for anesthesia?
4 typically
26
cardio pulmonary exercise test
should be linear with oxygen increase and watt increase but if O2 isnt being consumed at same rate watt is increasing this means there is a heart problem (O2 dips below line)
27
How do we calculate a person's METs?
MET is directly proportional to a person's O2 consumption, so we can measure it by measuring their VO2max.
28
what included in the nervous system
CNS, sensory, motor, autonomic
29
what do thyroid hormones do
-cell metabolism - adrenocortical hormones ion concentrations of sodium and potassium
30
what does parathyrpoid hormone do
controls bone calcium
31
What two feedback systems does our body use and what is an example of each?
Negative: BP monitoring via baroreceptors in our carotid, which will constantly correct it. OR high blood glucose- binds to pancreas and pancreas releases insulin which binds to cell receptors to normalize glucose Positive: Dilation of the cervix during labor releases oxytocin. The release of oxytocin induces more dilation of the cervix until the baby pops out.
32
What are the positives and drawbacks of a positive feedback system?
Positives include pregnancy and clotting( clot formed releases clotting factors to cause more), which allows for the goal to be accomplished much faster. Drawbacks are that outside of very specific situations that have a single goal, the system will cause instability.
33
positive feedback and blood loss example
normal heart able to pump 5L blood -if person bleeds 2 liters suddenly - loss of venous retunr and starlings law effect -pressure falls -low coronary blood flow - more heart weakness -vicious cycle more blood leaves heart and theres not enough to get back to heart
34
What are the normal ranges of Oxygen and CO2 in the blood?
35-45mm Hg for co2(40) and 100mmhg for O2.
35
what is bicarbonate and its normal level in body
acts as a buffer (like baking soda) 24
36
What is the average blood pH?
7.4 sick above or below 7.3-7.5
37
What is the average body temperature?
37C or 98.4F
38
homeostasis and control system
direction of correction toward stability - after error is sensed, theres a delay in onset of correction - the correction is proportional to magnitude of error - there is always residual error after the correction
39
What are the 4 basic types of tissues?
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, and Nervous
40
Where do I find epithelial tissue usually?
Covers surfaces, so I find it lining our GI tract, vessel walls, body cavities, and forming glands. Also secretes basement membrane.
41
what do epithelial cells have very little of
very little extracellular material between them
42
squamous cell
flat lining of blood and lymph vessels alveoli
43
cuboidal cells
-glands -terminal bronchioles of lungs - kidney tubules
44
columnar cells
uterus stomach intestines gallbladder bile ducts
45
What are the 3 types of ECM?
Protein fibers: Collagen and Elastin Ground Substance: non-fibrous proteins such as proteoglycans. It is very slippery to joints. Fluid: blood, plasma
46
what are cells separated by
non living extra cellular matrix
47
collagen
protein fiber resembles microscopic ropes strong, flexible, inelastic
48
elastin
protein fiber rubbery characteristic
49
ground substance ECM
long, unbranched polysaccharide chain (proteoglycan) very slippery to fluids good lubricant for joint cavities found in large quantities in connective tissue
50
fluid as ECM
blood- the matrix between cells is liquid unique in that most of the matrix (plasma) is produced by other tissues
51
What are the 3 types of contractile tissue?
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
52
3 types of contractile tissue with voluntarism, and striation
striated voluntary- skeletal striated involuntary-cardiac non striated involuntary- smooth
53
Which muscular tissues are striated?
Skeletal and cardiac
54
What are the parts of a neuron?
Cell body, dendrites, and axons.
55
What are the roles of neuroglia?
To support the cells of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. Nourish, protect, and insulate.
56
what is nuclear membrane
separates nucleus from cytoplasm
57
what is protoplasm
different substance that makes up the cell - water - electrolytes - proteins -lipids - carbohydrates includes nucleus and cytoplasm
58
What % of a cell is water?
70-85% (except fat cells) principle fluid medium of cell
59
What % of a cell is protein?
10-20%
60
structural v functional proteins
structural- microtubules "cytoskeletons" functional- enzymes- muscle filaments ( combination of proteins)
61
What are the roles of lipids in a cell? 2 types
Phospholipids and cholesterol are insoluble in water, making them good for making cell membranes and barriers for the cell compartments. Triglycerides are 95% in fat cells and store energy.
62
Where do I find glycogen?
Liver and muscle cells. Liver glycogen is used mainly for adjusting blood sugar levels. carbohydrate
63
What do integral proteins do?
They act as channels, carriers, enzymes and receptors on the cell surface.
64
What do peripheral proteins do?
Often found on integral proteins, they are either attached to them or on a cell's surface. They function as enzymes or transport controllers.
65
What is the role of the agranular (smooth) ER?
no attached ribosomes Synthesis of lipids and cholesterol.
66
mitochondria
energy release
67
ribosomes
translation of polypeptides/proteins
68
granular ER
attached to ribosomes protein synthesis
69
What kind of network is the ER?
Tubular conduction of substances formed by the cell to other parts of the cell
70
what is the golgi apparatus
-enclosed vesicles near the nucleus - refinement and processing of proteins made in ER - secretory substances extruded by exocytosis
71
secretory vesicles
formed by ER and golgi released from golgi into cytoplasm example: glut 4 up regulation inactive digestive enzymes from pancreas
72
nucleus DNA
transcription mRNA nucelar pores
73
Lysosomes
-form by breaking off golgi app and disperse through cytoplasm - intracellular digestive system: damaged cell structures unwanted matter such as bacteria action is by hydrolysis enzymes
74
Peroxisomes
similar to lysosomes but can self replicate contain oxidases rather than hydrolases -combines with oxygen and H ions to form hydrogen peroxide - oxidize substances that might otherwise be poisonous - half of alcohol person drinks is detoxified by peroxisomes of liver cells
75
By what process do proteins enter a cell?
Pinocytosis.
76
When do we see endocytosis occur?
When diffusion and active transport fail. Seen in ingesting proteins, bacteria, dead cells, debris. (large particles)
77
what is phagocytosis
Same process as pinocytosis, except it involves large particles rather than molecules Tissue macrophages, and some white blood cells ingest bacterium a dead cell tissue debris
78
process of endocytosis
Membrane pinch of a foreign substance, lysosomes attach and empty their acid hydrolases digestive vesicle formed in cytoplasm, hydrolyzing amino acids, glucose, phosphates, etc. diffuse through membrane to cytoplasm, and digestible substances exit cell by exocytosis
79
what is diffusion potential
potential difference between inside and outside
80
what happens if diffusion potential get too great
Blocks further net, potassium diffusion to the exterior, despite the high potassium, concentration gradient
81
what is the potential difference in normal mammalian nerve fiber
94 mv with negativity inside the fiber membrane
82
if cell is permeable to sodium only...
high concent outside low concent inside diffusion of sodium inside opposite polarity of potassium potential rises enough to block further net diffusion of sodium inside cell potential is about +61mv positive inside the fiber
83
what is the nernst equation
potential inside the membrane electromotive force in millivolts = +/- 61 x log [concentration inside/concentration outside] will be positive if the ion diffusing from the inside to the outside is a negative ion will be negative if ion diffusing from the inside to outside is a positive ion
84
large nerves potetnial
-90 mv
85
sodium potassium pump
sodium to outside potassium to inside 3 sodium ion(na3+) to outside for 2 potassium ion(k2+) to inside leaves net deficit of positive ions on inside more positive sodium left so the inside is still positive form potassium but the difference causes negative potential because more positives are on outside
86
What causes elevated creatinine in the blood?
Muscle loss/death/disease
87
What happens to pyruvate if the Kreb's cycle is not possible?
Converted to lactic acid
88
What are the end products of glycolysis?
ATP, H2O, and NADH,2 pyruvate
89
What are the end products of the Kreb's cycle?
ATP, CO2, NADH, and FADH2
90
What are the two main cycles a triglyceride undergoes in cellular metabolism?
Kreb's cycle and Beta oxidation. The glycerol gets converted to pyruvate, while the 3 fatty acids undergo beta oxidation.
91
What process converts proteins to energy?
Deamination
92
how many myelinaed vs unmyelinated
about twice as many unmyelinated fibers
93
myelinated fibers
center of fiber is axon surrounding axon is myelin sheath every 1-3 mm is node of ranvier often much thicken than axon itself
94
conduction in myelinated v nonmyelinated
myelin increases transmission velocity 5-50 fold conserves energy because only the nodes depolarize unmyelinated-.25 m /sec myelinated- 100m/sec
95
excitation (AP)
factor that causes sodium ions to diffuse inward (more positive)
96
absolute refractory period
second AP cant be elicited (sodium channel inactivated and no amount of excitatory signal can open) 1/2500 of second max is 2500 impulses per second
97
local anesthetics v ap
procain and tetracain act on activation gates of sodium channel difficult for these gates to open - nerve impulses fail to pass along the anesthetized nerves

Med Phys S1 (11 decks)

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