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Med Phys S1 > Lecture 1 E1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 E1 Flashcards

1
Q

What adjustments does our body make during elevated altitudes? (Kidney and Lungs)

A

Our lungs increase their ventilation, alveoli, and lung capacity and our kidneys secrete erythropoeitin to the bone marrow to increase our RBC production.

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2
Q

What is disuse atrophy?

A

Loss of muscle due to lack of use. Calcium leaves bones and they become very brittle.
Can happen commonly in bedbound people or in space.

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3
Q

What is the frailty syndrome?

A

The frailty syndrome is used to describe the general effects of age on muscle mass, strength, stamina, and general fitness.

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4
Q

how does our body remain cool in intense heat

A

heat dissepates throuhgout body and is stored when needed

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5
Q

what is angiogenesis

A

if tissues are lacking oxygen, the body can make new blood vessels to increase it

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6
Q

What is sarcopenia and how do we prevent it?

A

Loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength as we age. It can be greatly slowed by exercising consistently.

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7
Q

When does collateral circulation occur and why?

A

network of bypass vessels- Typically occurs in areas that are scarred from ischemia. It is used to bypass the scarred area to restore blood flow, such as with a heart. (bypass MI to get to where it is needed)

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8
Q

How much of our body’s fluid is ECF? (% and amt)

A

usually 1/3, and that is around 14L on average.

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9
Q

why are cells so tiny

A

for oxygen to diffuse in the cell if it’s too big, it can’t transport and cells die

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10
Q

RBC

A

gas transport

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11
Q

pancreatic cell

A

hormone and enzyme production

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12
Q

muscle cell

A

movement of skeleton

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13
Q

what is differentiation

A

differentiation= dna expression

genes in the DNA determines what each cell does… all DNA in cells is the same but depends upon the expression of DNA and what protein (and shape) it has

differentiates between cell types

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14
Q

cells can function only if internal environment has correct

A

concentration of…
oxygen
amino acids
ions
fatty acids glucose
etc

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of ECF?

A

It is in constant motion
It is mainly our circulating blood
It can diffuse to tissues through capillary walls.

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16
Q

How fast does all the blood in our body circulate?

A

Once a minute.

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17
Q

Why are capillaries located extremely close to cells?

A

In order to maximize their rate of diffusion. They are typically less than 50 micrometers away.

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18
Q

What are the walls of capillaries not very permeable to?

A

Plasma proteins

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19
Q

What are the two stages of ECF transport?

A

Circulation of blood and diffusion of molecules between plasma and interstitial fluid.

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20
Q

What ions are found in high concentration in the ECF?

A

Sodium
Chloride
calcium
Bicarbonate
glucose,fatty acids
PO2,Co2
PH

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21
Q

What ions are found in high concentration in a cell?

A

Potassium
Magnesium
Phosphate
sulfate

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22
Q

What 4 organs remove metabolic waste products from our blood?

A

Lungs, kidney, GI tract, and Liver

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23
Q

What 4 organs/systems use the nutrients in our ECF?

A

Lungs, GI tract, Liver, and Musculoskeletal system.

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24
Q

What is a MET?

A

Metabolic Equivalent

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25
Q

How many METS are required for anesthesia?

A

4 typically

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26
Q

cardio pulmonary exercise test

A

should be linear with oxygen increase and watt increase but if O2 isnt being consumed at same rate watt is increasing this means there is a heart problem (O2 dips below line)

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27
Q

How do we calculate a person’s METs?

A

MET is directly proportional to a person’s O2 consumption, so we can measure it by measuring their VO2max.

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28
Q

what included in the nervous system

A

CNS, sensory, motor, autonomic

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29
Q

what do thyroid hormones do

A

-cell metabolism
- adrenocortical hormones

ion concentrations of sodium and potassium

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30
Q

what does parathyrpoid hormone do

A

controls bone calcium

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31
Q

What two feedback systems does our body use and what is an example of each?

A

Negative: BP monitoring via baroreceptors in our carotid, which will constantly correct it. OR high blood glucose- binds to pancreas and pancreas releases insulin which binds to cell receptors to normalize glucose

Positive: Dilation of the cervix during labor releases oxytocin. The release of oxytocin induces more dilation of the cervix until the baby pops out.

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32
Q

What are the positives and drawbacks of a positive feedback system?

A

Positives include pregnancy and clotting( clot formed releases clotting factors to cause more), which allows for the goal to be accomplished much faster.

Drawbacks are that outside of very specific situations that have a single goal, the system will cause instability.

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33
Q

positive feedback and blood loss example

A

normal heart able to pump 5L blood
-if person bleeds 2 liters suddenly
- loss of venous retunr and starlings law effect
-pressure falls
-low coronary blood flow
- more heart weakness
-vicious cycle

more blood leaves heart and theres not enough to get back to heart

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34
Q

What are the normal ranges of Oxygen and CO2 in the blood?

A

35-45mm Hg for co2(40) and 100mmhg for O2.

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35
Q

what is bicarbonate and its normal level in body

A

acts as a buffer (like baking soda)

24

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36
Q

What is the average blood pH?

A

7.4

sick above or below 7.3-7.5

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37
Q

What is the average body temperature?

A

37C or 98.4F

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38
Q

homeostasis and control system

A

direction of correction toward stability
- after error is sensed, theres a delay in onset of correction
- the correction is proportional to magnitude of error
- there is always residual error after the correction

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39
Q

What are the 4 basic types of tissues?

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, and Nervous

40
Q

Where do I find epithelial tissue usually?

A

Covers surfaces, so I find it lining our GI tract, vessel walls, body cavities, and forming glands.
Also secretes basement membrane.

41
Q

what do epithelial cells have very little of

A

very little extracellular material between them

42
Q

squamous cell

A

flat
lining of blood and lymph vessels
alveoli

43
Q

cuboidal cells

A

-glands
-terminal bronchioles of lungs
- kidney tubules

44
Q

columnar cells

A

uterus
stomach
intestines
gallbladder
bile ducts

45
Q

What are the 3 types of ECM?

A

Protein fibers: Collagen and Elastin
Ground Substance: non-fibrous proteins such as proteoglycans. It is very slippery to joints.
Fluid: blood, plasma

46
Q

what are cells separated by

A

non living extra cellular matrix

47
Q

collagen

A

protein fiber
resembles microscopic ropes
strong, flexible, inelastic

48
Q

elastin

A

protein fiber
rubbery characteristic

49
Q

ground substance ECM

A

long, unbranched polysaccharide chain (proteoglycan)
very slippery to fluids
good lubricant for joint cavities
found in large quantities in connective tissue

50
Q

fluid as ECM

A

blood- the matrix between cells is liquid
unique in that most of the matrix (plasma) is produced by other tissues

51
Q

What are the 3 types of contractile tissue?

A

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

52
Q

3 types of contractile tissue with voluntarism, and striation

A

striated voluntary- skeletal
striated involuntary-cardiac
non striated involuntary- smooth

53
Q

Which muscular tissues are striated?

A

Skeletal and cardiac

54
Q

What are the parts of a neuron?

A

Cell body, dendrites, and axons.

55
Q

What are the roles of neuroglia?

A

To support the cells of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
Nourish, protect, and insulate.

56
Q

what is nuclear membrane

A

separates nucleus from cytoplasm

57
Q

what is protoplasm

A

different substance that makes up the cell
- water
- electrolytes
- proteins
-lipids
- carbohydrates

includes nucleus and cytoplasm

58
Q

What % of a cell is water?

A

70-85% (except fat cells)
principle fluid medium of cell

59
Q

What % of a cell is protein?

A

10-20%

60
Q

structural v functional proteins

A

structural- microtubules “cytoskeletons”
functional- enzymes- muscle filaments ( combination of proteins)

61
Q

What are the roles of lipids in a cell? 2 types

A

Phospholipids and cholesterol are insoluble in water, making them good for making cell membranes and barriers for the cell compartments.

Triglycerides are 95% in fat cells and store energy.

62
Q

Where do I find glycogen?

A

Liver and muscle cells. Liver glycogen is used mainly for adjusting blood sugar levels.

carbohydrate

63
Q

What do integral proteins do?

A

They act as channels, carriers, enzymes and receptors on the cell surface.

64
Q

What do peripheral proteins do?

A

Often found on integral proteins, they are either attached to them or on a cell’s surface. They function as enzymes or transport controllers.

65
Q

What is the role of the agranular (smooth) ER?

A

no attached ribosomes
Synthesis of lipids and cholesterol.

66
Q

mitochondria

A

energy release

67
Q

ribosomes

A

translation of polypeptides/proteins

68
Q

granular ER

A

attached to ribosomes
protein synthesis

69
Q

What kind of network is the ER?

A

Tubular
conduction of substances formed by the cell to other parts of the cell

70
Q

what is the golgi apparatus

A

-enclosed vesicles near the nucleus
- refinement and processing of proteins made in ER
- secretory substances extruded by exocytosis

71
Q

secretory vesicles

A

formed by ER and golgi
released from golgi into cytoplasm

example:
glut 4 up regulation
inactive digestive enzymes from pancreas

72
Q

nucleus DNA

A

transcription
mRNA
nucelar pores

73
Q

Lysosomes

A

-form by breaking off golgi app and disperse through cytoplasm
- intracellular digestive system:
damaged cell structures
unwanted matter such as bacteria

action is by hydrolysis enzymes

74
Q

Peroxisomes

A

similar to lysosomes but can self replicate
contain oxidases rather than hydrolases
-combines with oxygen and H ions to form hydrogen peroxide
- oxidize substances that might otherwise be poisonous
- half of alcohol person drinks is detoxified by peroxisomes of liver cells

75
Q

By what process do proteins enter a cell?

A

Pinocytosis.

76
Q

When do we see endocytosis occur?

A

When diffusion and active transport fail. Seen in ingesting proteins, bacteria, dead cells, debris. (large particles)

77
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

Same process as pinocytosis, except it involves large particles rather than molecules
Tissue macrophages, and some white blood cells
ingest bacterium
a dead cell
tissue debris

78
Q

process of endocytosis

A

Membrane pinch of a foreign substance, lysosomes attach and empty their acid hydrolases digestive vesicle formed in cytoplasm, hydrolyzing amino acids, glucose, phosphates, etc. diffuse through membrane to cytoplasm, and digestible substances exit cell by exocytosis

79
Q

what is diffusion potential

A

potential difference between inside and outside

80
Q

what happens if diffusion potential get too great

A

Blocks further net, potassium diffusion to the exterior, despite the high potassium, concentration gradient

81
Q

what is the potential difference in normal mammalian nerve fiber

A

94 mv with negativity inside the fiber membrane

82
Q

if cell is permeable to sodium only…

A

high concent outside
low concent inside
diffusion of sodium inside
opposite polarity of potassium

potential rises enough to block further net diffusion of sodium inside cell
potential is about +61mv positive inside the fiber

83
Q

what is the nernst equation

A

potential inside the membrane

electromotive force in millivolts = +/- 61 x log [concentration inside/concentration outside]

will be positive if the ion diffusing from the inside to the outside is a negative ion

will be negative if ion diffusing from the inside to outside is a positive ion

84
Q

large nerves potetnial

A

-90 mv

85
Q

sodium potassium pump

A

sodium to outside
potassium to inside

3 sodium ion(na3+) to outside for 2 potassium ion(k2+) to inside

leaves net deficit of positive ions on inside

more positive sodium left so the inside is still positive form potassium but the difference causes negative potential because more positives are on outside

86
Q

What causes elevated creatinine in the blood?

A

Muscle loss/death/disease

87
Q

What happens to pyruvate if the Kreb’s cycle is not possible?

A

Converted to lactic acid

88
Q

What are the end products of glycolysis?

A

ATP, H2O, and NADH,2 pyruvate

89
Q

What are the end products of the Kreb’s cycle?

A

ATP, CO2, NADH, and FADH2

90
Q

What are the two main cycles a triglyceride undergoes in cellular metabolism?

A

Kreb’s cycle and Beta oxidation.
The glycerol gets converted to pyruvate, while the 3 fatty acids undergo beta oxidation.

91
Q

What process converts proteins to energy?

A

Deamination

92
Q

how many myelinaed vs unmyelinated

A

about twice as many unmyelinated fibers

93
Q

myelinated fibers

A

center of fiber is axon

surrounding axon is myelin sheath

every 1-3 mm is node of ranvier

often much thicken than axon itself

94
Q

conduction in myelinated v nonmyelinated

A

myelin increases transmission velocity 5-50 fold

conserves energy because only the nodes depolarize

unmyelinated-.25 m /sec
myelinated- 100m/sec

95
Q

excitation (AP)

A

factor that causes sodium ions to diffuse inward (more positive)

96
Q

absolute refractory period

A

second AP cant be elicited (sodium channel inactivated and no amount of excitatory signal can open)

1/2500 of second
max is 2500 impulses per second

97
Q

local anesthetics v ap

A

procain and tetracain

act on activation gates of sodium channel

difficult for these gates to open
- nerve impulses fail to pass along the anesthetized nerves

Med Phys S1 (11 decks)

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