Lecture 1 -E1

Question 1

Physiology

Answer 1

The way in which an organism or any of its components function.

Question 2

What are the two “normal” things physiology relies on?

Answer 2

Structure - The way the human body is put together
Function - The normal actions and roles of a body part and the way parts interact with each other.

Question 3

what is structure in physiology

Answer 3

the way the human body is put together

Question 4

what is function in physiology

Answer 4

the normal actions and roles of a body part and how different parts interact with each other

Question 5

Pathophysiology

Answer 5

The study of the functional and structural changes that occur in the body as a result of injury, disease, or disorder.

Question 6

What is the definition of health?

Answer 6

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of infirmity.

Question 7

What is the definition of disease?

Answer 7

A deviation from, or interruption of, normal structure and/or function of 1+ or more cells, tissues, organs, or organ systems within the body.

Question 8

What are the types of causes for diseases and syndromes?

Answer 8

Specific, known cause (influenza-disease, down syndrome- syndrome)

Multiple known causes (multifactorial)- (diabetes mellitus- disease, carpal tunnel syndrome)

No known cause (Idiopathic)- (idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis-disease, irritable bowel syndrome)

Question 9

describe an example of a multiple contributing cause syndrome

Answer 9

carpal tunnel syndrome- could be from inflammation, scarring, or could be due to pregnancy ( these factors would be the disease portion of the syndrome)

Question 10

What is the definition of syndrome?

Answer 10

A specific condition with a recognizable, predictable pattern of signs and symptoms

Question 11

What is the difference between a disease and a syndrome?

Answer 11

A disease is describing the actual impaired function and/or structure of the human body.
- singular

A syndrome is a characteristic set of manifestations that can include multiple diseases or suggest the presence of a disease or an increased risk of developing disease. (down syndrome has features we notice)
- could be many diseases
-broader term

Question 12

What is etiology and the 4 types of etiologies?

Answer 12

Etiology: Specific cause of a disease
- genetic anomaly, infectious agent, injury, body response to injury, nutritional excess or deficit

multifactorial, idiopathic, nosocomial, iatrogenic

Question 13

what is multifactorial etiology and what is an example

Answer 13

multiple factors or events that can contribute to the occurrence of disease

diabetes mellitus

Question 14

what is idiopathic etiology

Answer 14

no known cause

Question 15

what is nosocomial etiology

Answer 15

caused by exposure to a healthcare setting (not because of us as providers)

Question 16

What is iatrogenic etiology

Answer 16

disease caused by medical treatment

obesity caused by cancer meds, atrophy of muscles in certain area where nerves had to be compromised to rid cancer

Question 17

what are nonspecific disease causing agents

Answer 17

• many disease causing agents are non specific
• many different agents can cause disease of a single organ
• a single agent can cause disease of multiple organs
• ex; covid- mainly seen as respiratory but can also affect heart or other organs

Question 18

how many diseases are multifactorial and what does that mean

Answer 18

MOST diseases are multifactorial

• some diseases are defined by their signs and symptoms but can have multiple etiologies
  -> liver failure can be caused by alcoholic hepatic failure, diabetes, autoimmune hepatitis, viral hepatitis, etc
• some etiologies can produce different diseases in different circumstances

Question 19

Disease Origins

Answer 19

Diseases can originate from multiple sources or a single source. A single source can also account for multiple diseases and is dependent on the situation/circumstances of the infection.

Question 20

What is pathogenesis?

Answer 20

It is how a disease process evolves.

Question 21

what is a risk factor

Answer 21

Risk factors are anything that increase the probability of experiencing a particular health outcome. ( however not all with factors will end up getting disease- smoking for example not every person that smokes gets lung cancer)

Question 22

what is a precipitating factor

Answer 22

agents that promote the onset of clinical manifestations (sings/symptoms) **triggers

Question 23

Sign vs Symptom

Answer 23

Sign - Objective, it is a clinical manifestation of a disease that a clinician can measure or observe. (weight gain, tachycardia, fever)

Symptom - Subjective, it is a clinical manifestation of a disease that a patient reports.
( pain, tenderness, loss of appetite)

Question 24

What are the manifestations of a disease?

Answer 24

Location: local or systemic
Timing: acute, chronic, subacute
Severity: Remission, Exacerbation, and Asymptomatic
outcomes: morbidity, complications, sequelae, mortality, prognosis

Question 25

what is local manifestation

Answer 25

manifestations found at or near the site of disease process

right upper quadrant pain for hepatitis

Question 26

what is systemic manifestation

Answer 26

manifestations not confined to one specific area or organ system

• kidney stone causing nausea and vomiting or fever

Question 27

difference between 3 timing manifestations

Answer 27

acute- condition begins abruptly, and has limited duration (hours to weeks)

chronic- condition beings insidiously has an extended or indefinite duration

subacute- condition that falls between acute and chronic ( longer than acute but not enough criteria for chronic)

Question 28

3 types of severity manifestations

Answer 28

remission- period of reduced or absent disease manifestations ( you aren’t 100% it is all gone)

exacerbation- period of increased disease manifestations, “flare ups”

asymptomatic- absence of symptoms in presence of disease.

Question 29

How do we characterize a disease’s outcome? (5)

Answer 29

Morbidity: General term for any negative outcome due to a disease that causes a negative impact to quality of life.

Complication: Adverse extension of a disease or from its treatment.

Sequelae: Impairments that follow a disease. Generally different from the initial condition that the disease caused. (EX: paralysis following a stroke)

Mortality: Death

Prognosis: Prediction of how a patient will fare during the disease process.

Question 30

3 Types of Disease Prevention and examples of each

Answer 30

Primary: Prohibiting a disease condition from occurring. (vaccines, sunscreen, diet)
Secondary: Early detection OR treatment of a disease via screening programs. (cscope, pap smear, mammogram)
Tertiary: Treatment and rehabilitation of a patient after diagnosis of a disease process. (medications, maybe after heart attack to reduce risk of heart failure)

Question 31

Top 10 Causes of Death in the US

Answer 31

1. Heart Disease
2. Cancer
3. Accidents
4. Chronic Lower Respiratory Tract Disease
5. Stroke
6. Alzheimer’s
7. Diabetes
8. Kidney Disease
9. Influenza/Pneumonia
10. Suicide

Question 32

Top 10 Causes of Death in Developing Countries

Answer 32

1. Neonatal Conditions (Communicable)
2. Lower Respiratory Infection (Communicable)
3. Ischemic Heart Disease
4. Stroke
5. Diarrheal Diseases (Communicable)
6. Malaria (Communicable)
7. Accidents
8. Tuberculosis (Communicable)
9. HIV/AIDS (Communicable)
10. Liver Cirrhosis

**more conditions that relate to amount of access to care and sterility/hygiene

Question 33

Top 3 Causes of Death in WV

Answer 33

Nationally vs State per 100,000
1. Heart Disease (195 vs 280)
2. Cancer (185 vs 263)
3. Lower Respiratory Infections (44.7 vs 83.5)