Lecture 1 -E1 Flashcards
Health Vs Disease
Physiology
The way in which an organism or any of its components function.
What are the two “normal” things physiology relies on?
Structure - The way the human body is put together
Function - The normal actions and roles of a body part and the way parts interact with each other.
what is structure in physiology
the way the human body is put together
what is function in physiology
the normal actions and roles of a body part and how different parts interact with each other
Pathophysiology
The study of the functional and structural changes that occur in the body as a result of injury, disease, or disorder.
What is the definition of health?
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of infirmity.
What is the definition of disease?
A deviation from, or interruption of, normal structure and/or function of 1+ or more cells, tissues, organs, or organ systems within the body.
What are the types of causes for diseases and syndromes?
Specific, known cause (influenza-disease, down syndrome- syndrome)
Multiple known causes (multifactorial)- (diabetes mellitus- disease, carpal tunnel syndrome)
No known cause (Idiopathic)- (idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis-disease, irritable bowel syndrome)
describe an example of a multiple contributing cause syndrome
carpal tunnel syndrome- could be from inflammation, scarring, or could be due to pregnancy ( these factors would be the disease portion of the syndrome)
What is the definition of syndrome?
A specific condition with a recognizable, predictable pattern of signs and symptoms
What is the difference between a disease and a syndrome?
A disease is describing the actual impaired function and/or structure of the human body.
- singular
A syndrome is a characteristic set of manifestations that can include multiple diseases or suggest the presence of a disease or an increased risk of developing disease. (down syndrome has features we notice)
- could be many diseases
-broader term
What is etiology and the 4 types of etiologies?
Etiology: Specific cause of a disease
- genetic anomaly, infectious agent, injury, body response to injury, nutritional excess or deficit
multifactorial, idiopathic, nosocomial, iatrogenic
what is multifactorial etiology and what is an example
multiple factors or events that can contribute to the occurrence of disease
diabetes mellitus
what is idiopathic etiology
no known cause
what is nosocomial etiology
caused by exposure to a healthcare setting (not because of us as providers)
What is iatrogenic etiology
disease caused by medical treatment
obesity caused by cancer meds, atrophy of muscles in certain area where nerves had to be compromised to rid cancer
what are nonspecific disease causing agents
- many disease causing agents are non specific
- many different agents can cause disease of a single organ
- a single agent can cause disease of multiple organs
- ex; covid- mainly seen as respiratory but can also affect heart or other organs
how many diseases are multifactorial and what does that mean
MOST diseases are multifactorial
- some diseases are defined by their signs and symptoms but can have multiple etiologies
-> liver failure can be caused by alcoholic hepatic failure, diabetes, autoimmune hepatitis, viral hepatitis, etc - some etiologies can produce different diseases in different circumstances
Disease Origins
Diseases can originate from multiple sources or a single source. A single source can also account for multiple diseases and is dependent on the situation/circumstances of the infection.
What is pathogenesis?
It is how a disease process evolves.
what is a risk factor
Risk factors are anything that increase the probability of experiencing a particular health outcome. ( however not all with factors will end up getting disease- smoking for example not every person that smokes gets lung cancer)
what is a precipitating factor
agents that promote the onset of clinical manifestations (sings/symptoms) **triggers
Sign vs Symptom
Sign - Objective, it is a clinical manifestation of a disease that a clinician can measure or observe. (weight gain, tachycardia, fever)
Symptom - Subjective, it is a clinical manifestation of a disease that a patient reports.
( pain, tenderness, loss of appetite)
What are the manifestations of a disease?
Location: local or systemic
Timing: acute, chronic, subacute
Severity: Remission, Exacerbation, and Asymptomatic
outcomes: morbidity, complications, sequelae, mortality, prognosis
what is local manifestation
manifestations found at or near the site of disease process
right upper quadrant pain for hepatitis
what is systemic manifestation
manifestations not confined to one specific area or organ system
- kidney stone causing nausea and vomiting or fever
difference between 3 timing manifestations
acute- condition begins abruptly, and has limited duration (hours to weeks)
chronic- condition beings insidiously has an extended or indefinite duration
subacute- condition that falls between acute and chronic ( longer than acute but not enough criteria for chronic)
3 types of severity manifestations
remission- period of reduced or absent disease manifestations ( you aren’t 100% it is all gone)
exacerbation- period of increased disease manifestations, “flare ups”
asymptomatic- absence of symptoms in presence of disease.
How do we characterize a disease’s outcome? (5)
Morbidity: General term for any negative outcome due to a disease that causes a negative impact to quality of life.
Complication: Adverse extension of a disease or from its treatment.
Sequelae: Impairments that follow a disease. Generally different from the initial condition that the disease caused. (EX: paralysis following a stroke)
Mortality: Death
Prognosis: Prediction of how a patient will fare during the disease process.
3 Types of Disease Prevention and examples of each
Primary: Prohibiting a disease condition from occurring. (vaccines, sunscreen, diet)
Secondary: Early detection OR treatment of a disease via screening programs. (cscope, pap smear, mammogram)
Tertiary: Treatment and rehabilitation of a patient after diagnosis of a disease process. (medications, maybe after heart attack to reduce risk of heart failure)
Top 10 Causes of Death in the US
- Heart Disease
- Cancer
- Accidents
- Chronic Lower Respiratory Tract Disease
- Stroke
- Alzheimer’s
- Diabetes
- Kidney Disease
- Influenza/Pneumonia
- Suicide
Top 10 Causes of Death in Developing Countries
- Neonatal Conditions (Communicable)
- Lower Respiratory Infection (Communicable)
- Ischemic Heart Disease
- Stroke
- Diarrheal Diseases (Communicable)
- Malaria (Communicable)
- Accidents
- Tuberculosis (Communicable)
- HIV/AIDS (Communicable)
- Liver Cirrhosis
**more conditions that relate to amount of access to care and sterility/hygiene
Top 3 Causes of Death in WV
Nationally vs State per 100,000
1. Heart Disease (195 vs 280)
2. Cancer (185 vs 263)
3. Lower Respiratory Infections (44.7 vs 83.5)
