Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Integrated - Block 1 Exam 1 > Lecture 1 - Cytology (not a good set) > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Cytology (not a good set) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four basic tissues over 200 distinguishable cell types in the body are assembled into?

A

Muscle, Epithelia, Connective tissue, Nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where can you find epithelia in the body?

A

Exterior surfaces and body cavity linings (including blood vessels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does epithelia form?

A

Exocrine and endocrine glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How are epithelial cells in relation to one another?

A

Tightly adherent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Epithelia cell shapes?

A

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Functions of epithelial cells?

A

Protection, Absorption, Secretion and Excretion, and Gas Excretion

–> think of the acronym “PASEGE”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How are connective tissue cells in relation to one another?

A

the tissue consists of relatively few cells that are not adherent to each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Connective tissue characteristics?

A

Vascular and Abundant matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Functions of connective tissue cells?

A

cohesion of structural elements, a medium which blood vessels use to distribute nutrients and take up metabolic waste, immune and inflammatory responses, tissue repair following injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is muscle tissue responsible for?

A

Movement and changes in the size and shape of body organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How are elongated muscle cells usually oriented?

A

Parallel to each other and organized in bundles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the muscle cytoplasm (sarcoplasm) occupied mostly by?

A

Actin and Myosin (myofilaments)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why is the arrangement of the filaments highly organized?

A

To allow for contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the nervous system responsible for?

A

Responding to the environment and maintaining functional activities or organs and organ systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

2 main nerve cell types?

A

The neuron and supporting cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cells vary in size and shape but all cells do what?

A

Use similar mechanisms to:
- synthesize and degrade protein
- replicate DNA
- contract
- generate energy
- move substances into and out of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 4 common features cells share?

A
  • surrounded by a membrane (gives shape and size and limits what goes in and out)
  • have zero to many nuclei
  • contain organelles (membrane and non-membrane bound)
  • contain inclusions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The functions of the nucleus include:

A
  • replication of DNA
  • DNA repair
  • RNA transcription and processing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

3 major components of the nucleus?

A
  • nuclear envelope
  • chromatin
  • nucleous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Parts of the nuclear envelope?

A
  • inner and outer membrane
  • nuclear pores
  • nuclear lamina
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why is the evaluation of the morphology of the nucleus important?

A

it allows you to determine the health of a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Characteristics found in normal cells?

A

Shape: round, ellipsoid, unfolded, or lobulated
Size: varies
Number per cell: none to multi
Location: central, basal, eccentric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Nuclear envelope consists of ?

A

inner and outer nuclear membrane separated by a 10-30nm space called the perinuclear cistern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe the outer nuclear membrane of the nuclear envelope

A
  • faces the cytoplasm
  • continue with the rER
  • can have ribosomes attached to the cytoplasmic surface
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Describe the inner nuclear membrane of the nuclear envelope
- faces the nuclear matrix - supported by the nuclear lamina - associated with chromatin
26
The inner and outer nuclear membranes are continuous with one another at the ?
Nuclear pores
27
Function of nuclear pores?
- Bidirectional gates for trafficking molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm - Small molecules (< 40-60kd) pass through simple diffusion - Proteins of any size that contain a nuclear localization amino acid sequence are transported by an energy dependent mechanism
28
Structure of nuclear pores?
- Nuclear pore proteins = nucleoporins - a central cylindrical body between inner and outer octagonal rings (each ring contains 8 protein particles) - protein filaments extended from each ring and form a basket on the NUCLEAR SIDE
29
Functions of nuclear lamina?
- give shape and stability to the nuclear envelope and size - organizes the interphase nucleus - structural link between chromatin and the nuclear envelope - response for the dissolution and reformation of the nuclear envelope during cell division - positions nuclear pore complexes within the nuclear envelope
30
Location of nuclear lamina?
between the inner nuclear membrane and peripheral heterochromatin
31
Structure of nuclear lamina?
- made up a class of intermediate filament proteins called LAMINS (A, B, and C) - lamin phosphorylation at mitosis causes dissolution of the nuclear lamina
32
Mutations in proteins of the nuclear membranes, pore complexes, or lamins result in?
a wide range of inheritable diseases like striated muscle disorders, syndromes, peripheral neuropathies, development abnormalities, and death
33
What is Chromatin?
a complex of DNA, histone, and non-histone proteins found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
34
Chromosomes are made up of ?
Chromatin. A chromatid is one copy of a chromosome formed by DNA replication still joined at the centromere to the other copy
35
2 types of chromatin in the interphase nucleus?
Heterochromatin and Euchromatin
36
Describe Heterochromatin
tightly packed chromatin - appears as basophilic clumps in the light microscope - represents genes that are NOT being transcribed - can either be constitutive (never transcribed) or facultative (transcription depends on cell type)
37
Describe Euchromatin (also called extended chromatin)
uncoiled or loosely packed portions of chromatin - represents genes that ARE being transcribed
38
What are Barr bodies and why does it happen?
One of the 2 X chromosomes in a female is inactive and highly coiled as both are not needed.
39
Location of nucleolus?
- usually eccentrically placed in the interphase nucleus - not surrounded by a membrane - 1-2 per cell depending on the species and synthetic activity of the cell
40
Function of nucleolus?
- site of ribosomal RNA transcription and rRNA synthesis - regulation of the cell cycle (which is also called nucleostemin)
41
Composition of the nucleolus?
Rich in rRNA and protein
42
Nucleolus 3 areas?
1) pale-staining region (fibrillar center) (2) pars fibrosa or dense fibrillar region (3) pars granulosa or granular component
43
Nucleolar Organizing Regions
Regions of ten interphase chromosomes (pairs of 5 different chromosomes, human) that contain the genes that encode rRNA; help reorganize the nucleoli following cell division
44
Describe RNA and how it is synthesized
RNA is a linear molecule similar to DNA but contains ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose and the base uracil instead of thymine. RNA is synthesized by the transcription of DNA
45
List the 3 types of RNA
mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA
46
Describe mRNA
contains sequences that code for amino acids thereby dictating the amino acid sequence of proteins
47
Describe tRNA
ransfers the correct amino acid to the ribosome for incorporation into the protein
48
Describe rRNA
forms ribosomes in association with specific proteins
49
Ribosomes are the sites of ?
Protein synthesis
50
Ribosomes are composed of? Describe them.
1 large subunit and 1 small subunit Large subunit - composed of 5S, 28S, 5.8S rRNA and ~49 proteins. Catalyzes the peptide bond formation Small subunit - composed of 18S rRNA and ~ 33 proteins. Binds mRNA and tRNA
51
How do ribosomes (polyribosomes) appear in the electron microscope?
as granular material in the cytoplasm; ribosomes associate with the outer nuclear membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum
52
What are polyribosomes?
clusters of ribosomes around a single strand of mRNA
53
Formation of ribosomes - events occurring in the nucleolus?
(1) transcription of rDNA to form pre-rRNA (2) association of pre-rRNA with ribosomal proteins to form ribonucleoproteins (3) cleavage of pre-rRNA into the 28S, 18S, and 5.8S rRNAs found in ribosomes Basically: rDNA is transcribed to form pre-rRNA which is associated with ribosomal proteins to form ribonucleoproteins and pre-rRNA is cleaved into the large subunit found in ribosomes
54
Formation of ribosomes - events occurring in the nucleus?
4. 28S and 5.8S rRNA combines with 5S rRNA (5S rRNA is transcribed in the nucleus) to form the large ribosomal subunit 5. active transport of ribosomal subunits to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores basically the large ribosomal subunit things combine to form the actual large ribosomal subunit and active transport of the subunits occurs via nuclear pores to the cytoplasm
55
Formation of ribosomes - event occurring in the cytoplasm?
Assembly of ribosomal subunits into ribosomes and polysomes in the presence of mRNA
56
What are the 4 concepts to remembers when considering membranes?
1. They are not homogenous 2. membrane components are in a constant dynamic flux 3. membranes are asymmetric 4. the shape of the surface membrane is partly determined by the underlying cytoskeleton
57
The general structure of cell membranes is that of a ?
Unit membrane
58
Describe the unit membrane
Three distinct layers (trilaminar structure) when viewed at high magnification consisting of two electron dense lines (inner and outer leaflets) separated by an electron lucent intermediate zone
59
All membranes of a cell are composed of? Describe them.
Lipids: 50% of membrane mass and responsible for membrane form and permeability properties Proteins: responsible for most of the membrane’s specific functions (amount and type of proteins varies) Carbohydrates: confined to membrane's surface
60
List the most abundant lipids in membranes in order
Phospholipids, Cholesterol, Glycolipids
61
Phospholipids are ?
Amphipathic - have a hydrophilic and hydrophobic region
62
What does cholesterol do ?
Maintains the structural integrity of membranes
63
Where are glycolipids always found?
The outer leaflet
64
Membrane proteins are either ?
Peripheral proteins or integral proteins
65
Peripheral proteins ?
associate with membranes through ionic interactions
66
Integral proteins ?
buried in the lipid membrane like transmembrane proteins (think of the picture on slide 25)
67
Which proteins perform more of the membrane's functions?
Membrane proteins
68
What is the presence of membrane proteins indicated by?
The freeze fracture technique
69

Integrated - Block 1 Exam 1 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions