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Integrated - Block 1 Exam 1 > Lecture 1 - Cytology (not a good set) > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Cytology (not a good set) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four basic tissues over 200 distinguishable cell types in the body are assembled into?

A

Muscle, Epithelia, Connective tissue, Nerve

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2
Q

Where can you find epithelia in the body?

A

Exterior surfaces and body cavity linings (including blood vessels)

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3
Q

What does epithelia form?

A

Exocrine and endocrine glands

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4
Q

How are epithelial cells in relation to one another?

A

Tightly adherent

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5
Q

Epithelia cell shapes?

A

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar

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6
Q

Functions of epithelial cells?

A

Protection, Absorption, Secretion and Excretion, and Gas Excretion

–> think of the acronym “PASEGE”

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7
Q

How are connective tissue cells in relation to one another?

A

the tissue consists of relatively few cells that are not adherent to each other

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8
Q

Connective tissue characteristics?

A

Vascular and Abundant matrix

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9
Q

Functions of connective tissue cells?

A

cohesion of structural elements, a medium which blood vessels use to distribute nutrients and take up metabolic waste, immune and inflammatory responses, tissue repair following injury

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10
Q

What is muscle tissue responsible for?

A

Movement and changes in the size and shape of body organs

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11
Q

How are elongated muscle cells usually oriented?

A

Parallel to each other and organized in bundles

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12
Q

What is the muscle cytoplasm (sarcoplasm) occupied mostly by?

A

Actin and Myosin (myofilaments)

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13
Q

Why is the arrangement of the filaments highly organized?

A

To allow for contraction

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14
Q

What is the nervous system responsible for?

A

Responding to the environment and maintaining functional activities or organs and organ systems

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15
Q

2 main nerve cell types?

A

The neuron and supporting cells

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16
Q

Cells vary in size and shape but all cells do what?

A

Use similar mechanisms to:
- synthesize and degrade protein
- replicate DNA
- contract
- generate energy
- move substances into and out of the cell

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17
Q

What are the 4 common features cells share?

A
  • surrounded by a membrane (gives shape and size and limits what goes in and out)
  • have zero to many nuclei
  • contain organelles (membrane and non-membrane bound)
  • contain inclusions
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18
Q

The functions of the nucleus include:

A
  • replication of DNA
  • DNA repair
  • RNA transcription and processing
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19
Q

3 major components of the nucleus?

A
  • nuclear envelope
  • chromatin
  • nucleous
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20
Q

Parts of the nuclear envelope?

A
  • inner and outer membrane
  • nuclear pores
  • nuclear lamina
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21
Q

Why is the evaluation of the morphology of the nucleus important?

A

it allows you to determine the health of a cell

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22
Q

Characteristics found in normal cells?

A

Shape: round, ellipsoid, unfolded, or lobulated
Size: varies
Number per cell: none to multi
Location: central, basal, eccentric

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23
Q

Nuclear envelope consists of ?

A

inner and outer nuclear membrane separated by a 10-30nm space called the perinuclear cistern

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24
Q

Describe the outer nuclear membrane of the nuclear envelope

A
  • faces the cytoplasm
  • continue with the rER
  • can have ribosomes attached to the cytoplasmic surface
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25
Q

Describe the inner nuclear membrane of the nuclear envelope

A
  • faces the nuclear matrix
  • supported by the nuclear lamina
  • associated with chromatin
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26
Q

The inner and outer nuclear membranes are continuous with one another at the ?

A

Nuclear pores

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27
Q

Function of nuclear pores?

A
  • Bidirectional gates for trafficking molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm
  • Small molecules (< 40-60kd) pass through simple diffusion
  • Proteins of any size that contain a nuclear localization amino acid sequence are transported by an energy dependent mechanism
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28
Q

Structure of nuclear pores?

A
  • Nuclear pore proteins = nucleoporins
  • a central cylindrical body between inner and outer octagonal rings (each ring contains 8 protein particles)
  • protein filaments extended from each ring and form a basket on the NUCLEAR SIDE
29
Q

Functions of nuclear lamina?

A
  • give shape and stability to the nuclear envelope and size
  • organizes the interphase nucleus
  • structural link between chromatin and the nuclear envelope
  • response for the dissolution and reformation of the nuclear envelope during cell division
  • positions nuclear pore complexes within the nuclear envelope
30
Q

Location of nuclear lamina?

A

between the inner nuclear membrane and peripheral heterochromatin

31
Q

Structure of nuclear lamina?

A
  • made up a class of intermediate filament proteins called LAMINS (A, B, and C)
  • lamin phosphorylation at mitosis causes dissolution of the nuclear lamina
32
Q

Mutations in proteins of the nuclear membranes, pore complexes, or lamins result in?

A

a wide range of inheritable diseases like striated muscle disorders, syndromes, peripheral neuropathies, development abnormalities, and death

33
Q

What is Chromatin?

A

a complex of DNA, histone, and non-histone proteins found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

34
Q

Chromosomes are made up of ?

A

Chromatin. A chromatid is one copy of a chromosome formed by DNA replication still joined at the centromere to the other copy

35
Q

2 types of chromatin in the interphase nucleus?

A

Heterochromatin and Euchromatin

36
Q

Describe Heterochromatin

A

tightly packed chromatin

  • appears as basophilic clumps in the light microscope
  • represents genes that are NOT being transcribed
  • can either be constitutive (never transcribed) or facultative (transcription depends on cell type)
37
Q

Describe Euchromatin (also called extended chromatin)

A

uncoiled or loosely packed portions of chromatin

  • represents genes that ARE being transcribed
38
Q

What are Barr bodies and why does it happen?

A

One of the 2 X chromosomes in a female is inactive and highly coiled as both are not needed.

39
Q

Location of nucleolus?

A
  • usually eccentrically placed in the interphase nucleus
  • not surrounded by a membrane
  • 1-2 per cell depending on the species and synthetic activity of the cell
40
Q

Function of nucleolus?

A
  • site of ribosomal RNA transcription and rRNA synthesis
  • regulation of the cell cycle (which is also called nucleostemin)
41
Q

Composition of the nucleolus?

A

Rich in rRNA and protein

42
Q

Nucleolus 3 areas?

A

1) pale-staining region (fibrillar center)
(2) pars fibrosa or dense fibrillar region
(3) pars granulosa or granular component

43
Q

Nucleolar Organizing Regions

A

Regions of ten interphase chromosomes (pairs of 5
different chromosomes, human) that contain the genes that encode rRNA; help
reorganize the nucleoli following cell division

44
Q

Describe RNA and how it is synthesized

A

RNA is a linear molecule similar to DNA but contains ribose sugar instead of
deoxyribose and the base uracil instead of thymine.

RNA is synthesized by the
transcription of DNA

45
Q

List the 3 types of RNA

A

mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA

46
Q

Describe mRNA

A

contains sequences that code for amino acids thereby
dictating the amino acid sequence of proteins

47
Q

Describe tRNA

A

ransfers the correct amino acid to the ribosome for
incorporation into the protein

48
Q

Describe rRNA

A

forms ribosomes in association with specific proteins

49
Q

Ribosomes are the sites of ?

A

Protein synthesis

50
Q

Ribosomes are composed of? Describe them.

A

1 large subunit and 1 small subunit

Large subunit - composed of 5S, 28S, 5.8S rRNA and ~49 proteins. Catalyzes the peptide bond formation

Small subunit - composed of 18S rRNA and ~ 33 proteins. Binds mRNA and tRNA

51
Q

How do ribosomes (polyribosomes) appear in the electron microscope?

A

as granular material in the
cytoplasm; ribosomes associate with the outer nuclear membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum

52
Q

What are polyribosomes?

A

clusters of ribosomes around a single strand of mRNA

53
Q

Formation of ribosomes - events occurring in the nucleolus?

A

(1) transcription of rDNA to form pre-rRNA

(2) association of pre-rRNA with ribosomal proteins to form ribonucleoproteins

(3) cleavage of pre-rRNA into the 28S, 18S, and 5.8S rRNAs found in ribosomes

Basically: rDNA is transcribed to form pre-rRNA which is associated with ribosomal proteins to form ribonucleoproteins and pre-rRNA is cleaved into the large subunit found in ribosomes

54
Q

Formation of ribosomes - events occurring in the nucleus?

A
  1. 28S and 5.8S rRNA combines with 5S rRNA (5S rRNA is transcribed in the nucleus) to
    form the large ribosomal subunit
  2. active transport of ribosomal subunits to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores

basically the large ribosomal subunit things combine to form the actual large ribosomal subunit and active transport of the subunits occurs via nuclear pores to the cytoplasm

55
Q

Formation of ribosomes - event occurring in the cytoplasm?

A

Assembly of ribosomal subunits into ribosomes and polysomes in the
presence of mRNA

56
Q

What are the 4 concepts to remembers when considering membranes?

A
  1. They are not
    homogenous
  2. membrane components are in a constant dynamic flux
  3. membranes
    are asymmetric
  4. the shape of the surface membrane is partly determined by the
    underlying cytoskeleton
57
Q

The general structure of cell membranes is that of a ?

A

Unit membrane

58
Q

Describe the unit membrane

A

Three distinct layers (trilaminar structure) when
viewed at high magnification consisting of two electron dense lines (inner and outer
leaflets) separated by an electron lucent intermediate zone

59
Q

All membranes of a cell are composed of? Describe them.

A

Lipids: 50% of membrane mass and responsible
for membrane form and permeability properties

Proteins: responsible for most of the
membrane’s specific functions (amount and type of proteins varies)

Carbohydrates: confined to membrane’s surface

60
Q

List the most abundant lipids in membranes in order

A

Phospholipids, Cholesterol, Glycolipids

61
Q

Phospholipids are ?

A

Amphipathic - have a hydrophilic and hydrophobic region

62
Q

What does cholesterol do ?

A

Maintains the structural integrity of membranes

63
Q

Where are glycolipids always found?

A

The outer leaflet

64
Q

Membrane proteins are either ?

A

Peripheral proteins or integral proteins

65
Q

Peripheral proteins ?

A

associate with membranes through ionic interactions

66
Q

Integral proteins ?

A

buried in the lipid membrane like transmembrane proteins (think of the picture on slide 25)

67
Q

Which proteins perform more of the membrane’s functions?

A

Membrane proteins

68
Q

What is the presence of membrane proteins indicated by?

A

The freeze fracture technique

69
Q
A

Integrated - Block 1 Exam 1 (5 decks)

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