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Histology > Lecture 1 Connective Tissues > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Connective Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of connective tissues

A
  • Structural support
  • protection/padding of internal organs (smooth surface to glide)
  • defense against infection or disease
  • diffusion of nutrients and wastes
  • storage of energy and nutrients
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2
Q

Connective tissue vs epithelial tissue

A

Connective tissue

  • cells lack basement membrane
  • extracellular material
  • highly vascular
  • completely surrounded by other tissues

epithelial Tissue

  • Cells have basement membrane
  • little or no extracellular material
  • avascular
  • free surface
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3
Q

2 connective tissue subtypes

A

Connective tissue proper, specialized connective tissue

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4
Q

Types of connective tissue proper

A

Loose connective tissue, Dense connective tissue

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5
Q

Specialized connective tissue

A

Adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, blood

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6
Q

Components of connective tissue

A

Cells: derivatives of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, derivatives of hematopoietic cells

Extracellular matrix: Fibers, ground substance

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7
Q

What are progenitor cells

A

Descendants of stem cells that then further differentiate to create specialized cell types

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8
Q

What is the origin of connective tissue cells

A

Progenitor cells in the embryonic mesoderm (mesenchyme)

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9
Q

Properties of progenitor cells

A
  • cell division (proliferation)

- differentiation into many cell types (pluripotent)

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10
Q

Types of progenitor cells

A
  • hematopoietic stem cells: form blood cells

- undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells: form other cell types in the body

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11
Q

Types of stem cell division

A
  • symmetric stem cell renewal: creates 2 stem cells, or creates two differentiated cells
  • asymmetric stem cell renewal: creates on stem cell and one differentiated cell
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12
Q

Why are stem cells important?

A

Necessary for normal tissue development and for repair of damaged tissue

-New technologies: experimentally reprogram differentiated somatic cells into inducible pluripotent stem cells, and then use these stem cells to build new organs with the assistance of 3D printers

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13
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells can differentiate into which kinds of cells found in connective tissue

A

-plasma cell, B lymphocyte, Free macrophage, mast cell, neutrophil, eosinophil

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14
Q

Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells can differentiate into which cell found in connective tissue

A

Fibroblasts

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15
Q

Fixed or resident cells

A

Originate and remain in the CT for a long time

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16
Q

Transient or wandering cells

A

Originate in the bone marrow or lymph glands, enter CT for a short time

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17
Q

General function of Fixed/resident CT cells

A

Structural support

18
Q

Types of resident CT cells

A
  • Fibroblasts (active)

- fibrocytes (inactive)

19
Q

Fibroblast cells function and features

A

FXN: synthesize and secrete components of the extracellular matrix

Features: oval or spindle shaped, many long cellular processes (less processes as they mature)

20
Q

Transient CT cells origin and function

A

-differentiate from hematopoietic stem cells, migrate into CT from blood or lymph

FXN:

  • migrate into CT from blood or lymph
  • fight infection and disease
  • assist tissue remodeling and repair
21
Q

Types of transient CT cells

A

Macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, leukocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, mast cells

22
Q

Macrophage origin

A

Monocytes in the circulating blood

23
Q

Macrophages function and features

A

FXN: phagocytosis of foreign substances and dead or damaged cells/debris, secretion of factors (cytokines and chemokines), that stimulate inflammation, cell migration, blood vessel development, antigen recognition, lymphocyte differentiation

Features: Pseudopodia, lysosomes, phagosomes

24
Q

Phagocytosis by macrophages (steps)

A
  1. Detection of and movement toward foreign material
  2. Engulfment of material into a phagosome
  3. Fusion of phagosome with a digestive vacuole
  4. Breakdown of material
  5. Exocytosis of residual debris
25
Lymphocyte origin
Hematopoietic stem cells
26
Lymphocytes function and features
FXN: recognize antigens by producing antibodies that act as surface receptors to recognize antigens Features: large dense nucleus, relatively small amount of cytoplasm
27
Plasma cells Origin
B lymphocytes that have undergone proliferentiation and differentiation
28
Plasma cells function and features
FXN: synthesize and secrete antibodies (immunoglobulins) into the circulation Features: rough endoplasmic reticulum (lots) for protein synthesis, Golgi apparatus for large modification of proteins, nucleus (eccentric, and cartwheel pattern of heterochromatin)
29
Two types of leukocytes in connective tissue
Eosinophils and neutrophils
30
Eosinophils origin
Hematopoietic stem cells
31
Eosinophils function and features
FXN: Kill parasitic worms Features: bi-lobed nucleus, cytoplasm contains large eosinophilic granules
32
Neutrophils origin
Hematopoietic stem cells
33
Neutrophils function and features
FXN: kill bacteria Features: multi-lobed nucleus, cytoplasm contains very small neutral stained granules
34
Mast cells origin
Precursors in the bone marrow
35
mast cells function and features
``` FXN: initiate local inflammatory response, participate in development of allergies Features: large oval shape, plasma membrane contains receptors for the immunoglobulin E (IgE) class of antibodies , basophil is granules (heparin, histamine) ```
36
Inflammation definition
Calor: Heat Dolor: Pain Rumor:Redness Tumor: Swelling
37
Inflammation cause
Cytokines, chemokines and other inflammatory mediators induce changes in local blood vessels, cells, and tissue fluid
38
Cytokines
Secreted proteins that influence the behavior of other cells that have receptors for these cytokines *mediators of host response to infection, trauma, and immune response
39
Chemokines
Secreted proteins that attract other cells, which exhibit specific receptors, from the bloodstream
40
Inflammation, role of transient CT cells
1. Bacteria (or other pathogens) stimulate macrophages to release cytokines and chemokines 2. Mast cells release histamine, which increases vascular diameter and permeability, causing increased local blood flow and leakage of fluid into the tissue 3. Neutrophils, lymphocytes and other immune cells migrate into the tissue releasing inflammatory mediators that cause pain

Histology (2 decks)

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