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Heme/Onc > Lecture 1: Components of Blood > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Components of Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three components of blood?

A

(1) Plasma
- Water
- Proteins
- Non-protein solutes
(2) Leukocytes and Platelets
(3) Packed Red Blood Cells

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2
Q

What is plasma comprised of?

A
  • Water
  • Proteins (Albumin, Globulins, Coagulation factors)\
  • Solutes (Na+, Cl-, Ca++, HCO3-, urea)
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3
Q

How much of extracellular fluid does plasma represent?

A

1/3

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4
Q

What does the plasma act as?

A

Transportation system both to and from the body tissues

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5
Q

T/F All blood (Red and White) cells come from pluripotent stem cells in bone marrow?

A

TRUE

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6
Q

What is another term for Red Blood Cell?

A

Erythrocyte

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7
Q

Where is the bone marrow located?

A

Axial skeleton in adults (long bones)

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8
Q

What are RBCs regulated by? How are they regulated?

A

Erythropoietin (hormone); it is released by renal tubules in response to hypoxia or decreased RBC

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9
Q

RBCs are dependent on what substances?

A
  • Iron
  • B12
  • Folic acid
  • B6
  • Thyroid hormone
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10
Q

What is the earliest identifiable form of RBC? How many mature RBCs does it produce?

A

Proerythroblast; 8

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11
Q

T/F Nucleated RBCs are present in circulation.

A

FALSE; erythroblasts lose their nucleus right before entering circulation

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12
Q

What is a good indicator of bone marrow production?

A

Reticulocytes

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13
Q

How can you distinguish a reticulocyte from a mature RBC (as both are in circulation)?

A

Reticulocytes are larger and contain ribosomes

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14
Q

Around how many reticulocytes should be in circulation?

A

Number of reticulocytes circulating should be equal to the number of RBC being removed from circulation

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15
Q

Life span of RBC

A

120 days

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16
Q

What happens to degraded RBCs?

A

They are partially recycled and partially converted into bilirubin

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17
Q

What do erythrocytes do?

A
  • Transport O2 from the lungs to the tissues of the body (HgB is the binding protein)
  • Transport CO2 from the tissues to the lungs
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18
Q

Why are RBCs shape important?

A

Bi-concave shaped cells to be flexible and fit through capillary system

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19
Q

What are the 3 types of Granulocytes? What are their function?

A

(1) Neutrophils- phagocytic cells that respond to foreign bodies and bacteria
(2) Eosinophils- attack protozoa and helminths
(3) Basophils- become mast cells (hypersensitivity reactions)

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20
Q

What type of Granulocyte accounts for most of the WBC in circulation?

A

Neutrophils (60-70%)

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21
Q

What do monocytes play a role in?

A
  • Become tissue macrophages

- Play a role in inflammation and initiating an immune response

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22
Q

What 2 types of lymphocytes are there? What are their differences?

A
  • B: differentiation occurs in bone marrow; synthesize antibodies; provide humoral immunity
  • T: differentiation occurs in thymus; destroy foreign cells or infected native cells; provide cell mediated immunity
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23
Q

Where are lymphocytes found?

A

In the lymphatic organs where they function as part of the immune system

24
Q

What is another name for platelets?

A

Thrombocytes

25
Q

What do platelets play a role in?

A
  • Hemostasis
  • Inflammation
  • Wound healing
26
Q

What is the life span of a platelet? Where are they derived?

A

8-10 days; megakaryocyte in bone marrow

27
Q

What is the primary role of Hemoglobin? What is the iron containing portion of HgB?

A

Transports O2; Heme

28
Q

T/F Iron is stored well within the body.

A

False; daily dietary iron is necessary

29
Q

What are the 2 types of iron and where are they located?

A
  • Active metabolic iron (80%; found within RBC)

- Iron reserve (ferritin- stored outside of the cell; stored in liver, spleen, bone marrow-hemosiderin)

30
Q

Hgb (meaning and values)

A
  • the amount of Hgb in 100mL of blood
  • provides an indication of the O2 transport of the blood
  • Females: 12.3-15.3 g/dL
  • Males: 14-17.5 g/dL
31
Q

Hct (meaning and values)

A
  • packed cell volume, percentage volume of blood that is made up of erythrocytes
  • usually 3 times the value of Hgb (decrease in anemia)
    NORMAL
  • Females: 36-45%
  • Males: 42-50%
32
Q

MCV (meaning and values)

A
  • Mean Corpuscle Volume
  • Average size of a RBC
  • calculated by dividing Hct by RBC count
  • Normal: 80-100 fL
33
Q

WBC (meaning and values)

A
  • number of leukocytes in a cubic millimeter of blood
  • increased in infections; decreased often but may represent malignancy
  • Normal: 4.4-11.3 x 10^3 cells/mm3
34
Q

Platelet count (meaning and values)

A
  • Number of platelets in a cubic millimeter of blood
  • Normal: 150,000-450,000
    (will read “150” on CBC)
35
Q

T/F ESR is not included in routine CBC.

A

TRUE (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate)

36
Q

What is ESR and what do increased and decreased ESR indicate?

A
  • The rate at which erythrocytes settle from the blood
  • Increase: inflammation, infection, pregnancy
  • Decrease: CHF, sickle cell anemia
37
Q

What is a Wright stained blood smear?

A
  • allows for manual evaluation of blood

- Looks at WBC and RBC morphology

38
Q

WBC morphology (blood smear)

A

Determines the type of leukocytes in circulation

  • Neutrophils (PMN: 45-73%, Band: 3-5%)
  • Eosinophils 0-4%
  • Basophils 0-1%
  • Monocytes 2-8%
  • Lymphocytes 20-40%
39
Q

Left shift

A

shift to a bunch of young, banded neutrophils; INFECTION

40
Q

RBC morphology (blood smear)

A

Determines size, shape, estimates of Hgb concentration (color of cell) and abnormalities

  • Normal: 7-8 micrometer in diameter
  • Important in determining pathology (target cells, sickle cells, spherocytes)
41
Q

Anisocytosis

A

variation in RBC size

42
Q

Poikilocytosis

A

variation in RBC shape

43
Q

T/F Reticulocyte counts come on regular CBC.

A

FALSE

44
Q

Reticulocyte count (measure and value)

A

Good indicator of RBC production

  • Normal: 0.5-2.5% (count should be equal to number of RBC being removed from circulation)
  • Elevated= anemia due to blood loss and/or hemolysis
  • Reduced= anemia due to problems with RBC production (vitamin def, bone marrow supp)
45
Q

What is the RPI

A

Raw Reticulocyte Count (%) x Patient’s Hematocrit / 45 x 0.5

46
Q

Anemia + RPI .2

A

suggestshemolysis or acute hemorrhage

47
Q

Anemia + RPI < 1

A

consistent with decreased RBC production

48
Q

Indications for RBC transfusion

A
  • Symptomatic deficit in oxygen carrying capacity
  • Acute blood loss: whole blood
  • Chronic anemia: packed RBC
49
Q

T/F Patient should be crossmatched and typed for RBC transfusion.

A

TRUE

50
Q

What is crossmatching?

A

Patient’s blood is mixed with donor blood to evaluate for lysis and clotting reactions (in lab)
- takes around 30 minutes

51
Q

When would you use uncrossmatched blood?

A
  • in massive blood loss
  • with cardiovascular collapse
  • Group O, Rh (-)
52
Q

What is a Transfusion Reaction?

A
  • antibody-mediated acute hemolytic reaction
  • potentially life threatening
  • most serious from mismatching of donor blood with recipient blood
53
Q

What is Post Transfusion Fever without hemolysis?

A
  • due to presence of foreign proteins in donor plasma

- can cause urticaria

54
Q

What are platelet transfusions used for?

A
  • usual dose: one unit per 10 kg body weight

- controlling bleeding in patients with thrombocytopenia due to bone marrow failure or chemo induced

55
Q

T/F Platelet transfusion is useful for secondary thrombocytopenia.

A

FALSE

Heme/Onc (7 decks)

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