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B&B Week 5 Flashcards > Lecture 1 CNS Histology > Flashcards

Lecture 1 CNS Histology Flashcards

1
Q

How long is the lucid interval for epidural hematoma?

A

How long is the lucid interval for epidural hematoma?

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2
Q

What compose the coverings of the CNS?

A

From exterior to interior

  1. Skull
  2. Dura mater
    • two layers of dense collagenous connective tissue with large venous sinuses

SUBDURAL (POTENTIAL) SPACE

  1. Arachnoid mater
    • thin membrane containing a mixture of FIBROBLASTS and ARACHNOIDAL cells (meningothelial cells)
    • adheres directly to dura

SUBARACHNOID (ACTUAL) SPACE
-CSF is found here

  1. Pia mater
    • layer of cells tightly affixed to brain
    • anchors arachnoid trabeculae
  2. Brain parenchyma
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3
Q

What does parenchyma mean?

A

The essential or functional elements of an organ

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4
Q

What are the Virchow-Robin spaces?

A

Essentially subarachnoid spaces (spaces in between the arachnoid and pia mater) that surround vessels within the brain
Pia mater adheres tightly to brain parenchyma
-brings arachnoid trabeculae, thus subarachnoid space, with it

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5
Q

What are arachnoid trabeculae?

A

Delicate strands of connective tissue that connect the arachnoid and pia mater

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6
Q

Where are sinuses located?

A

In the dura

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7
Q

What is the function arachnoid villi (aka arachnoid granulations)?

A

They allow CSF to diffuse into the sinuses for drainage

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8
Q

How do you identify arachnoid cells histologically?

A

Concentrated at tips of arachnoid villi
Oval nuclei
Can form prominent whorls or psammoma bodies

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9
Q

What is a psammoma body?

A

A round collection of calcium

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10
Q

What is the basis of meningioma?

A

Proliferation of arachnoid cells

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11
Q

What happens to the arachnoid as we age/are subjected to infection?

A

Clear arachnoid becomes OPACIFIED

-collagen deposition

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12
Q

What are the leptomeninges?

A

Means thin meninges

Refers to the pia and arachnoid mater

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13
Q

What are the main cellular elements of CNS histology?

A
  1. neurons
  2. glial cells
    • astrocytes
    • oligodendrocytes
    • ependymal cells
  3. Microglia
  4. Choroid plexus cells
  5. blood vessels/blood cells (RBC/WBC)
  6. Meningothelial (arachnoid) cells
  7. Bone/cartilage
  8. Pituitary cells
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14
Q

What is a key histological feature of the cell body of neurons?

A

A prominent nucleolus

-surrounded by a large nucleus

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15
Q

What are Nissl bodies/Nissl substance?

A

-sites of protein synthesis, eg RER

Proteins can be visualized by cresyl violet aka Nissl stain

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16
Q

What is the delineating microscopic feature of the axon hillock?

A

The ABSENCE of Nissl substance

17
Q

What are Neuropils?

A

Background of the CNS histology slide
Functional definition: pink shit that is in between the astrocytes, neurons and oligodendrocytes
“A feltwork of interwoven dendrites and axons and of neuroglial cells in gray matter of CNS”

18
Q

What are delineating histologic features of astrocytes?

A

In cross section, small with a lot of nuclei
-in both white and grey matter
Are stained for GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC
PROTEIN (GFAP)

19
Q

What is glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)?

A

It is the intermediate filament in astrocytes that are stained
To ID astrocytes

20
Q

What are delineating features of oligodendrocytes?

A

Egg shaped (nucleus with white shit surrounding it)

  • in both white and grey matter
  • one oligodendrocyte myelinates up to 50 axons (so a lot of Nissl substance
21
Q

What are Ependymal Cells?

A 
Lines the ventricles of the brain and the 
central canal of spinal cord
Serve to absorb, secrete and propel CSF
-Links the ventricular, vascular and
The intraparenchymal compartments of CSF
22
Q

What is the delineating histological feature

Of ependymal cells?

A

Cuboidal cells with microvilli ontop

-linked by tight junctions

23
Q

What is the choroid plexus? Histological features?

A

Projectiosn of vascular stroma derived from meninges
Secretes CSF in ventricles
Cuboidal epithelium

24
Q

How are neurons organized in the CNS

A
  1. Cortex
    • neocortex
    • Archicortex or Palleocortex (any cortical structure that has LESS than 6 layers)
  2. basal ganglia (deep gray nuclei)
  3. cerebellar cortex/nuclei
  4. brainstem nuclei
  5. spinal cord
25
Q

What are the six layers of the neocortex?

A
  1. Molecular
  2. External Granular
  3. External Pyramidal
    • axons point toward the pia
  4. Internal Granular
  5. Internal Pyramidal
  6. Plexiform
26
Q

What are the areas of the cortex that have large pyramidal layers? Large granular layers?

A

M1 has large pyramidal layers

V1 has large granular layers

27
Q

What are the cell layers of the cerebellar cortex?

A
  1. Molecular layer
  2. Purkinje cell layer
  3. Granular Cell layer
28
Q

What does CA stand for in terms of hippocampus?

A

Cornu Ammonis (or Ammonis horn)

29
Q

What region of hippocampus is most sensitive to Injury?

A

CA1 (aka Sommer sector

-sensitive to ischemia, seizure, Alzheimers

30
Q

What are the characteristics of damage to neurons?

A
  1. acute ischemic injury (RED NEURONS)
  2. chronic injury (cell loss)
  3. neuronal inclusions like LIPOFUSCHIN
  4. Reactive gliosis
  5. Microglia and inflammatory infiltrates
31
Q

What is the delineating feature of CNS that has gone acute ischemic injury?

A

Red Neurons

  • intense cytoplasmic eosinophilia
  • loss of Nissl substance
  • nucleus is darkly stained w/o nucleolus
  • shrunken cell body
32
Q

What is the delineating factor of neuron aging?

A

Lipofuschin
Brown shit
-comes from oxidized fatty acids

33
Q

What are the three pigmented nuclei of the brain?

A
  1. Substantia nigra
  2. DMX
  3. locus ceruleus
    (catecholaminergic…dopamine for instance…neurons)
    Pigmented = neuromelanin
    Not to be confused with lipofuschin
34
Q

What does a Lewy body look like?

A

A CYTOPLASMIC round INCLUSION

35
Q

What is Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein and what is its significance?

A

GFAP acts as a diagnostic marker for disease

  • increased GFAP is indicator of hypertrophy and hyperplasia of astrocytes
  • analagous to fibroblasts in injury
36
Q

What is gliosis?

A

The inflammation of glial cells

More specifically, the hypertrophy/hyperplasia of astrocytes

37
Q

What is the main effector of reaction to injury in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes

Via hypertrophy and hyperplasia cause gliosis

38
Q

What happens to microglia in the event of injury?

A

Hyperplasia
Elongated nuclei
Increased elongated cytoplasmic processes

B&B Week 5 Flashcards (13 decks)

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