Lecture 1: Cardiac Anatomy

Question 1

Two parts of the mediastinum

Answer 1

• Superior

- Inferior

Question 2

Superior mediastinum

Answer 2

-Above plane between sternal angle and inferior border of T4 vertebral body

Question 3

Inferior mediastinum

Answer 3

• Anterior
• Middle
• Posterior

Question 4

2 layers of the pericardium

Answer 4

• Fibrous

- Serous

Question 5

The serous pericardium divides into two layers:

Answer 5

• Parietal layer

- Visceral layer

Question 6

Sympathetic innervation of the heart

Answer 6

• T1-T4–“cardiac accelerators”
• Stellate ganglia (cervicothoracic ganglia) and middle cervical ganglia
• Distributed throughout the heart

Question 7

Parasympathetic innervation of the heart

Answer 7

• Originates in the medulla oblongata
• Vagus nerves
• Much innervation to SA and AV nodes
• Little innervation to ventricles

Question 8

Cardiac conduction system

Answer 8

• SA node
• AV node
• Bundle of His (AV bundle)
• Bundle branches (right and left branches)
• Purkinje fibers

Question 9

Interatrial conduction pathways

Answer 9

-SA to LA

Question 10

Internodal conduction pathways

Answer 10

-SA node to AV node

Question 11

Divisions of the left bundle branch

Answer 11

• Left anterior division

- Left posterior division

Question 12

Where is the AV node located?

Answer 12

-on the right side of the interatrial septum near the ostium of the coronary sinus

Question 13

4 chambers of the heart

Answer 13

• right/left atria

- right/left ventricles

Question 14

Vena Cavae on right side of heart

Answer 14

• Superior

- Inferior–Eustachian valve

Question 15

Crista terminalis

Answer 15

• Divides the right atrium:
• Right atrial appendage (right auricle); trabeculated
• Smooth portion of atrium around vena cavae

Question 16

Coronary sinus

Answer 16

-venous drainage of the heart

Question 17

Fossa ovalis

Answer 17

-Remanent of foramen ovale

Question 18

Tricuspid valve

Answer 18

-Right side of heart

Question 19

Right ventricle structure

Answer 19

• Coarsely trabeculated inlet
• Smooth outlet–right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT)
• Thin-walled compared to LV
• Crescent-shaped in cross-section

Question 20

RVOT

Answer 20

-right ventricular outflow tract–smooth outlet of the right ventricle

Question 21

The left atrium contains ___ pulmonary veins

Answer 21

• 4

- return oxygenated blood from lungs back to the heart

Question 22

What can form in the left atrial appendage in patients with a-fib?

Answer 22

-Thrombus formation in the left atrial appendage is a problem in patients with atrial fibrillation

Question 23

Left ventricle structure

Answer 23

• Thick wall
• Circular in cross-section
• Anterior and posterior papillary muscles

Question 24

What is the common wall between the RV and LV?

Answer 24

-Ventricular septum

Question 25

What does the aortic valve separate?

Answer 25

-Separates left ventricle and aorta

Question 26

The aortic valve is located on the same plane as ___

Answer 26

-Mitral and tricuspid valves

Question 27

How many leaflets does the aortic valve have?

Answer 27

-3 leaflets = trileaflet

Question 28

What are the sinuses of valsalva?

Answer 28

-Dilatations of the ascending aorta that occur just above the aortic valve

Question 29

What originates from the sinuses of valsalva?

Answer 29

-Right and left main coronary arteries

Question 30

Sinotubular junction

Answer 30

-The region of the ascending aorta between the aortic sinuses of Valsalva and where the normal tubular configuration of the aorta is attained

Question 31

What does the mitral valve separate?

Answer 31

-Separates left atrium from left ventricle

Question 32

How many leaflets does the mitral valve have, and what are they called?

Answer 32

• 2 leaflets
• Anterior leaflet
• Posterior leaflet

Question 33

Anterior leaflet of the mitral valve

Answer 33

-Wide and short

Question 34

Posterior leaflet of the mitral valve

Answer 34

-Narrow and long

Question 35

Papillary muscles and chordae tendinae

Answer 35

• Muscles located in the ventricles of the heart
• Attached to the cusps of the AV valves (mitral and tricuspid valves) via the chordae tendinae to prevent valvular prolapse (blood flow from the ventricle into the atria during ventricular systole)

Question 36

What does the tricuspid valve separate?

Answer 36

-Separates the right atrium from the right ventricle

Question 37

How many leaflets does the tricuspid valve have, and what are they called?

Answer 37

• 3 leaflets:
• Anterior
• Posterior
• Septal

Question 38

Pulmonary valve separates…

Answer 38

-the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery

Question 39

How many cusps does the pulmonary valve have and what are they called?

Answer 39

-3 cusps, called the sinuses of Valsalva

Question 40

What are the sinuses of valsalva?

Answer 40

-Dilatations of the main pulmonary artery which occur just above the pulmonic valve

Question 41

Right coronary artery

Answer 41

-Dominance: in 85% of individuals, the RCA supplies the posterior descending artery (PDA)

Question 42

The left main coronary artery bifurcates to form:

Answer 42

• Left anterior descending (LAD)

- Left circumflex

Question 43

What are the two main coronary arteries?

Answer 43

• Right coronary

- Left coronary

Question 44

What kind of branches does the left anterior descending artery have?

Answer 44

-Diagonal

Question 45

What kind of branches does the left circumflex artery have?

Answer 45

-Obtuse marginales

Question 46

What is the ramus intermedius?

Answer 46

-The additional branch in people who have a tri-furcation of their left main coronary artery