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BSI II (2021) > Lecture 1 - Bone Structure > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Bone Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of bone and skeletal system

A
  • supports soft tissues and provides attachment for skeletal muscles
  • protects internal organs
  • assists in movement
  • mineral homeostasis
  • blood cell production (hematopoiesis)
  • triglyceride storage
  • endocrine function
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2
Q

what hormones are involved in mineral homeostasis?

A
  • PTH
  • calcitonin
  • vitamin D
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3
Q

where does hematopoiesis occur?

A

red bone marrow (produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets)

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4
Q

where is triglyceride storage at?

A

yellow bone marrow

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5
Q

what hormones do bones secrete?

A
  • osteocalcin

- lipocalin

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6
Q

osteocalcin function

A

regulates blood glucose levels by increasing insulin secretion from beta cells and increase insulin sensitivity in surrounding tissues. stimulates testosterone secretion. role in fight or flight response

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7
Q

lipocalin function

A

suppresses appetite

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8
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft of long bone

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9
Q

epiphyses

A

distal and proximal ends of the bone, covered with hyaline cartilage

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10
Q

what kind of cartilage is the epiphyses covered with?

A

articular cartilage

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11
Q

metaphyses

A

section between diaphysis and epiphyses

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12
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

layer of hyaline cartilage found in metaphyses allows for bone to grow in length

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13
Q

epiphyseal line

A

cartilage is replaced with bone (no longer grow in length). found in metaphyses

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14
Q

periosteum

A

sheath of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding bone surface

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15
Q

function of periosteum

A
  • protect bone
  • assists in fracture repair
  • helps nourish bone tissue
  • serves as attachment point for ligaments and tendons
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16
Q

medullary cavity

A

space within diaphysis

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17
Q

endosteum

A

thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity

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18
Q

nutrient artery

A
  • principle artery that supplies shaft of bone
  • the branches of the nutrient artery snake though the canals of haversian systems and other cavities of the bone
  • the nutrient artery enters the diaphysis via nutrient foramen
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19
Q

bone matrix

A

inorganic mineral salts deposited on organic framework (osteoid)

20
Q

what is the bone matric made of?

A
  • 25% water
  • 25% collagen fibers (organic matrix/osteoid)
  • 50% crystallized mineral salts
21
Q

inorganic mineral salts

A
  • hydroxyapatite
  • magnesium hydroxide
  • fluoride
  • sulfate
22
Q

what is hydroxyapatite composed of

A

calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate

23
Q

which is the most abundant inorganic mineral salt?

A

hydroxyapatite

24
Q

crystalized salts give bone _ while the collagen gives it _ and _

A

hardness, flexibility, tensile strength

25
Q

osteogenic cells

A
  • undifferentiated stem cells
  • derived from mesenchyme
  • differentiate into osteoblasts
  • found in periosteum, endosteum, and in cancals within bone that contain blood vessels
26
Q

osteoblasts

A
  • build bone by making and secreting collagen fibers (osteoid)
  • Initiates calcification by secreting alkaline phosphatase (enzyme that will calcify mineral salts after they bind to osteoid)
27
Q

osteocytes

A
  • mature osteoblasts
  • play role in bone remodeling by acting as mechanosensory receptors
  • play role in calcium homeostasis-can “hold” Ca and release into the blood quickly
28
Q

osteoclasts

A
  • derived from stem cells in the bone marrow that give rise to monocytes
  • differentiation and fusion of monocyte like cells form osteoclasts
  • responsible for bone resorption
  • have ruffled border that forms a seal with bone surface
  • release lysosomal enzymes and acids to digest matrix
  • when active, the ruffled border is more pronounced
29
Q

compact bone (_)

A

cortical bone

30
Q

how is compact bone arranged?

A

in units called osteons (haversian systems)

31
Q

Central (haversion canal)

A

runs longitudinally through bone and through osteon; contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

32
Q

Perforating (volkman’s) canal

A

connects central canals to each other, to medullary cavity, and to the periosteum

33
Q

Concentric lamellae and inner & outer circumferential lamellae

A

rings of hard calcified matrix

34
Q

Lacunae

A

spaces in matrix that house osteocytes

35
Q

Canaliculi

A

small channels filled with extracellular fluid connecting adjacent lacunae; contain fingerlike processes of osteocytes which communicate via gap junctions with neighboring osteocytes

36
Q

spongy bone (cancellous/trabecular bone)

A
  • contains more spaces
  • in certain bones, it houses red bone marrow
  • not arranged in osteons
  • contains trabeculae
  • bone tissue arranged into lamellae
  • contains lacunae and canaliculi
  • Makes up most of bone tissue of short, flat, irregular shaped bones, epiphyses of long bone, and narrow rim around medullary cavity
37
Q

red bone marrow function

A
  • Produces red and white blood cells and platelets via hemopoiesis
  • Contains developing blood cells, adipocytes, fibroblasts, and macrophages within a network of reticular fibers
38
Q

yellow bone marrow function

A
  • located within medullary cavity
  • contains mostly adipocytes
  • stores triglycerides for energy source
  • with increasing age, much of the bone marrow changes from red to yellow
39
Q

Blood and nerve supply

A
  • Bone is richly supplied with blood vessels
  • Nutrient artery and vein pass through nutrient canal and sends branches into the central canals of osteons to provide for osteocytes
  • Nerves follow vessels into bone tissue where they sense damage and transmit pain messages
40
Q
  1. Which hormone is secreted from bone?
    a. Parathyroid Hormone
    b. Calcitonin
    c. Vitamin D
    d. Osteocalcin
    e. A, B, C
    f. All of the above
A

D

41
Q
  1. What is the major organic component of the matrix?
    a. Hydroxyapatite
    b. Magnesium Hydroxide
    c. Collagen
    d. A & B
    e. All of the above
A

C

42
Q
  1. What is the function of osteoclasts?
    a. Bone formation
    b. Bone resorption
A

B

43
Q
  1. How do osteoclasts arise?
    a. Maturation of osteoblasts
    b. Fusion of monocytes
    c. From division and differentiation of osteocytes
    d. Differentiation of osteogenic cells
A

B

44
Q
  1. How do osteoblasts arise?
    a. Division of osteoclasts
    b. Fusion of monocytes
    c. Differentiation of osteogenic cells
A

C

45
Q
  1. Compact bone and spongy bone are both organized into osteons?
    a. True
    b. False
A

B

46
Q
  1. Osteoclasts:
    a. Secrete collagen
    b. Secrete alkaline phosphatase
    c. Secrete lysosomal enzymes
    d. A & B
    e. All of the above
A

C

BSI II (2021) (5 decks)

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