Lecture 1 - Body Fluid Compartments

Question 1

T/F: Extracellular, intracellular, and trans-cellular fluid percentages change are dependent on age, sex, and obesity.

Answer 1

TRUE

Question 2

Intracellular fluids are separated by cell _________ and are ___________ to water and not __________.

Answer 2

membrane
Permeable
electrolytes

Question 3

What is the extracellular major cation?

Answer 3

Sodium (Na+)

Question 4

What are the intracellular cations and which is the most?

Answer 4

• POTASSIUM (K+) MOST

- magnesium (Mg+)

Question 5

What are the extracellular anions and which is the most?

Answer 5

• CLORIDE (Cl -) MOST

- sodium bicarbonate (hco3-)

Question 6

What are the intracellular anions and which is the major one?

Answer 6

• PHOSPHATE (PO4 -) MOST

- protein

Question 7

What is the equation of compartment volume measurement?

Answer 7

Volume B = (Volume A x Concentration A) /

Concentration B

Question 8

Distribution of fluid between intracellular and extracellular compartments determine by ________ effect of _______ solute.

Answer 8

osmotic

small

Question 9

T/F: Osmotic factors cause fluids to shift between compartments.

Answer 9

TRUE

Question 10

Mole is the term defining a specific quantity of:

Answer 10

molecules

Question 11

Osmole refers to number of:

Answer 11

particles in a solution

Question 12

T/F: A milliosmole (mOsm) is equal to 1/1000 osmoles.

Answer 12

TRUE

Question 13

What does osmolality refer to?

Answer 13

osmoles / kg of water

Question 14

What does osmolarity refer to?

Answer 14

osmoles / liter of solution

Question 15

Osmosis refers to the movement of water from a ______ concentration of water to a ________ concentration of water.

Answer 15

higher

lower

Question 16

Osmotic pressure refers to the amount of _________ required to ________ osmosis.

Answer 16

pressure

prevent

Question 17

T/F: Molecules which disassociate when dissolved into solution have less osmotic effect.

Answer 17

FALSE

Question 18

1 mOsm gradient change is equal to how much osmotic pressure?

Answer 18

19.3 mmHg

Question 19

Eighty percent of interstitial fluid and plasma is due to:

Answer 19

sodium

chloride

Question 20

T/F: Plasma is 1 mOsm/L < interstitial fluid.

Answer 20

FALSE

Question 21

Plasma proteins maintain ___ mmHg ______ in capillaries than surrounding tissue.

Answer 21

20

greater

Question 22

Fifty percent of intracellular fluid is due to ______ ions.

Answer 22

Potassium

Question 23

What is the total osmolarity of each compartment of interstitial and intracellular?

Answer 23

300 mOsm/L

Question 24

T/F: Large osmotic pressures can develop across cell membranes with relatively small changes in solute concentration.

Answer 24

TRUE

Question 25

Small changes in concentration of __________ solutes cause ________ changes in cell volume.

Answer 25

impermeable | tremendous

Question 26

What are the condition for hyponatremia?

Answer 26

- diarrhea and vomiting - diuretic abuse - Addison's disease - excess water retention (ADH)

Question 27

List the condition of hypernatremia?

Answer 27

- Lack of ADH - Diabetes insipidus - Dehydration - Aldosterone secretion

Question 28

Intracellular edema can occur in what conditions?

Answer 28

- Inflammation- - Depression of cellular metabolic function - Lack of nutrition - Decrease in blood flow, oxygen, and nutrients - No ATP to move sodium out of intracellula space

Question 29

T/F: Ionic pumps of cell membrane require oxidative metabolism to remove intracellullar sodium.

Answer 29

TRUE

Question 30

What are the causes of extracellular edema?

Answer 30

- Abnormal leakage from plasma | - Lymphatic failure to return fluids to blood

Question 31

What are three major factors to prevent edema?

Answer 31

- Low interstitial compliance - Ablity to increase lymphatic drainage - Wash down of interstitial fluid proteins

Question 32

T/F: Capillary pressure can triple before significant edema occurs.

Answer 32

FALSE (can double before)

Question 33

The kidneys receive ___% of cardiac output.

Answer 33

22 % (1100 mL/min)

Question 34

List is order the blood flow through the kidney startin what renal arteries.

Answer 34

Renal artery > segmental arteries > interlobular > arteries > arcuate arteries > interlobular arteries (radial artery) afferent arteries > glomerular capillaries

Question 35

T/F: Oxygen consumption in the kidney varies directly with active transport of Na+.

Answer 35

TRUE

Question 36

Where would the highest metabolism be in the kidney?

Answer 36

Renal Cortex

Question 37

On a per gram basis renal blood flow is the _______ of any organ.

Answer 37

highest

Question 38

A - V O2 difference gives info on oxygen uptake.of ______.

Answer 38

Organs

Question 39

What is the oxygen uptake of the kidneys?

Answer 39

14 mL/L

Question 40

What is the oxygen uptake of the heart?

Answer 40

140 mL/L

Question 41

What is the oxygen uptake of skeletal muscle?

Answer 41

60 mL/L

Question 42

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 42

nephron

Question 43

What are the two types of nephrons?

Answer 43

- Cortical | - Jusxtamedullary

Question 44

How many nephrons are in each kidney?

Answer 44

1.25 million

Question 45

What are two important aspects about the cortical nephron?

Answer 45

- Short loops of Henle, extend to outer medulla | - Outnumber juxtamedullary nephrons 7:1

Question 46

What are two important aspects about the juxtamedullary?

Answer 46

- Extend into medulla with loops of Henle | - Play a big part of concentrating urine