Lecture 1- Blood Flashcards
What is blood?
specialized CT
- ground substance: free-flowing plasma
- fibers: NONE!
Where do all blood cell types originate?
CT of bone marrow
They are from the mesoderm that migrate to the bone marrow to develop and then jump into the blood stream
Name two blood sampling techniques.
- Venipuncture: sample taken from Median Cubital Vein (less pressure and closer to the surface than arteries)
- Finger or heel prick: used by diabetics and in infants
What is the name of the dye used for blood film preparation?
eosin/methylene blue (ROMANOVSKY)
Hematocrit
% of blood occupied by erythrocytes
55% plasma
45% cells (normal)
30-35% ANEMIA
65% + POLYCYTEMIA
Give the distribution percentages of white blood cells and indicate cause if this percentage is elevated.
(NEVER LET MONKEYS EAT BANANAS) Neutrophils 60-70%- acute bacterial infection Lymphocytes 20-25%- chronic infection Monocytes 3-8%- fungal/viral infection Eosinophils 2-4%- parasitic infection Basophils 0.5-1%- allergic reaction
What is a normal RBC count in males and females?
Males 5.4 million/drop
4.1-6 x10^6/ul
Females 4.8 million/drop
3.9-5.5 x10^6/ul
Name the 4 integral proteins found in the cell membrane of a RBC that helps keep its shape.
- band 4.1 protein complex
- band 3 dimer
- spectrin
- ankyrin protein complex
What is the normal platelet count?
250,000-400,000/ cubic mililiter
Name and categorize Leukocytes.
(granular)
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
(agranular)
lymphocytes
monocytes
Characteristics of Neutrophils
granular
10-12 um diameter
(nuc) 2-5 lobes connected by a think strand
Azurophilic granules
fastest to respond to bacterial infections
have surface receptors
What are the 3 things released by Neutrophils
- lysosomes: destroy/digest bacteria
- defense proteins: act like antibodies and poke holes in the bacterial cell wall
- strong oxidants (HOCL): further oxidized to hypocrite bleach and chlorine to destroy bacteria
Characteristics of Eosinophils
granular
10-12um
(nuc) bilobed connected by a thin strand
large, uniform granules
*crystalloid bodies w/ 4 major proteins
(cytotoxic effect on protozoans and helminthic parasites)
- MBP- major basic protein (only one inside the crystalloid body
- ECP- eosiznophilcationic protein
- EPO- eosiznophilcationic peroxide
(NS dysfunction in parasites)
4. EDN- eosiznophilcationic derived neurotoxin
What are the 2 things Eosinophils release?
- histaminase: neutralizes histamine
- arylsulphatase: neutralizes leukotrienes produced by basophils and mast cells
* *antibody-antigen (immune complexes internalized)
Characteristics of Basophils
granular
8-10um
irreg, s-shaped, bilobed nuc
-large, dark purple, variable sized granules “Azurophilic” with:
1. heparin (sulfate): anticoagulant
2. histamine: vasoactive substance causing vasodilation
3. leukotrienes: prolonged constriction of smooth muscle in pulmonary airways
4. IL-4*
5. IL 13* both promote synthesis of IgE antibodies
**heightened inflammatory response and account for hypersensitivity (allergic reaction)
Characteristics of lymphocytes
agranular
6-30um
small, medium, and large sized
dark, oval round nucleus w/ more hetero>euchromatin
*found in blood and lymph, capable of re-circulation
*immunocompetent cells: recognize and respond to antigens
3 type of lymphocytes
T-cells
B-cells
NK- Natural Killer Cells
T cells
- differentiate in thymus
- cell mediated immunity
- long lifespan
- attack viruses, fungi, transplanted organs, cancer cells, and some bacteria
B cells
- first recognition in bone marrow
- production of antibodies
- turn into plasma cells that produce antibodies
- destroy bacteria and their toxins
Natural Killer Cells
- programmed during development
- destroy foreign invaders (microbes and tumor cells) by direct attack
Characteristics of Monocytes
agranular
16-20um (largest)
Azurophilic granules
*differentiate to macrophages at site of damage
cytoplasm: foamy blue gray
*take longer to get to the site of infection but arrive in larger numbers
Role of thrombopoietin
stimulates myeloid stem cells to produce platelets
What is the lifespan of a platelet and where and how is it removed?
5-9 days
removed by macrophages in the spleen and liver
What are the two types of granules in platelets and list what they contain.
- alpha granules
- clotting factors
- platelet- derived growth factor: cause proliferation of vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle and fibroblasts to repair damaged vessels - dense granules
- ADP
- ATP
- Ca
- serotonin
- fibrin-stabilizing factor
- enzymes that produce thromboxane A2
Clot retraction and blood vessel repair
clot plugs ruptured in area of blood vessel. platelets pull on fibrin threads causing clot retraction. trapped platelets release factor XII, stabilizing the fibrin threads. damaged edges are pulled together. Fibroblasts and endothelial cells repair the blood vessels
Thalassemia
hereditary hypochromia anemia from a decrease in alpha or b chains of hemoglobin
B Thalassemia
a decrease or absence of B chains. excessive alpha chains produced in compensation are unable to form tetramers.
Hemoglobin molecules instead bind to RBC membranes producing damage and forming toxic aggregates
-Anemia
-Spleenomegaly
Hereditary Spherocytosis
Molecular defects in genes that code for:
Spectrin
Anyrin
Band 3 proteins
Band 4 proteins
(these are found in RBCs; essential for normal shape of an erythrocyte. When deformed, they are in a spherical shape instead of their normal biconcave shape)
Anisocytosis
RBC unequal sizes
detected in peripheral smears
defects seen in Anemia and Thalassemia
Polikiocytosis
when 10% of the total population of RBCs are of distorted shape; can be due to membrane abnormalities or traumatic conditions
Polycythemia
-crowded RBCs
-dehydrated- lost plasma
*athletes; ppl who live in high altitudes
(increased hematocrit)
Thrombocytopenia
- no platelets
- blood will not clot
‘penia’ = less
