Lecture 1 Biomedicine and society Flashcards
Who came up with the idea of Deontological Ethics and what century was it in?
Immanuel Kant (18th Century)
Explain what Deontological ethics is in 3 points
- The act is intrinsically good or bad
- Lying is a morally wrong act. Therefore, it is always wrong to lie
- Humans should not be treated as a means to an end
Who came up with the idea of Consequentialism and Utilitarianism and what centuries were they founded in?
Jeremy Bentham (18h century)
Mill (19th century)
Explain what Deontological ethics is in 3 points
- Think about the consequences
- Lying is the right thing to do if it produces a good outcome
- Whether an act is right or wrong depends only on the results of that act
What is virtue ethics?
- Looks at the virtue or moral character of the person carrying out the action
- Virtue ethics is concerned with the whole of a persons life, rather than a particular episode or actions
A good person is someone who lives virtuously- who possesses and lives the five focal virtues.
What are the five focal virtues?
- Compassion
- Discernment
- Trustworthiness
- Integrity
- Conscientiousness
Who came up with the idea of Virtue ethics and what centuries was it founded?
Plato and Aristotle (300 BC)
Anscombe (21st century)
Who does consequentialism/utilitarianism focus/centre on?
Society focussed (public health)
Who does deontology focus/centre on?
Patient centred
Who does virtue ethics focus/centre on?
Focuses on the moral character or virtues of the physician or scientist
Who made the first microscope ?
Robert Hooke
When was the first electron microscope made?
20th century
Who invented the first stethoscope and what century was it made ?
René Laennec
19th century
Auscultation invention of stethoscope
What tends to stimulate biomedical invention and development?
Crises
Give 3 examples of Racism and other isms in biomedicine
- 1932-1972 Tuskegee Experiment
- The origins of American gynecology
- WW2 n experimentation
What happened in 1932-1972 Tuskegee Experiment (6)
- study of the natural progression of syphilis in back(might be black) populations
- when started no treatment
- once treatment available not given
- continued to follow up ‘natural progression’
- many died, developed horrible consequences and children and partners also affected
- limited access to health info - decieved
Explain the origins of American gynaecology (4)
- J.Marion Sims was a 19th century doctor(father of gyn)
- Techniques refined through experimentation with enslaved black women
- Women were operated without anaesthesia - 30 times in 4 years
- Racist thinking was that black people withstand more pain than white people
WW2 Nai Experimentation (3)
- On people in forced labour camps
- On people unable to consent
- Freezing experiments (ethical declarations)
Experimental science and bioethics 20th century
What are the 4 principles of biomedical ethics - human research?
- Non-maleficence
- Beneficence
- Autonomy
- Justice
Who came up with/ what are the principles of biomedical ethics human research ?
Beauchamp and Childress (1979/2009/2013 7th ed.)
What does Non-maleficence mean?
Do no harm
What would be against patient’s interests
Do not kill, do not cause needless pain, do not incapacitate others, or put them at risk of harm
What does beneficence mean?
Do good
Act in a way that will further the patient’s interest
Focuses on taking action rather than avoiding certain actions
