Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anes 516: Pharmacology > Lecture 1: Basics of Pharmacology > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Basics of Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is stereochemistry?

A

3D structural orientation of molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two possible clinical responses of drugs?

A

Toxicity or effectiveness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a common tachyphylactic drug?

A

Ephedrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which type of drug (ionized or nonionized) is able to diffuse and equilibrate into other tissues?

A

Nonionized, though it may become ionized once it diffuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Intravascular fluid is part of what compartment in the two compartment model?

A

Central compartment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is biotransformation?

A

A chemical process where a drug is altered in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two types of membrane receptors?

A

Agonists and antagonists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a racemic mixture?

A

A mixture that has equal parts left and right-handed enantiomers of a chiral molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The process by which drugs in the systemic circulation are converted into metabolites or exit the body

A

Elimination (Metabolism)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which method of administering drugs would be represented by a graph that demonstrates a steep incline followed by a slow decay? Why is the decay progressively slower and slower?

A

Direct injection of drug into blood with route of elimination (think of a drain in a sink)
The slope becomes less and less steep because the level of volume in the blood falls as it is eliminated (“drained”), so the pressure gradient that drives the process of elimination becomes less and less (exponential decay curve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are three factors that lead to decreased amounts of plasma protein in the blood?

A

Age
Liver failure
Pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the average plasma volume?

A

3 L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In a pH higher than its pK, an acidic drug will be ionized or nonionized?

A

Ionized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the difference between pharmacological effect and clinical response?

A

Pharmacological effect occurs at the molecular level; clinical response is evident in the things we can measure via sight, touch, smell, hearing, smell, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The term “parenteral” means that drugs are administered:

A

“aside from” the alimentary tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which type of receptor triggers a cascade when bound by a drug?

A

Enzyme receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Subcutaneous tissue lies below which level of skin?

A

Dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Ionized drug + nonionized drug: which type crosses cell membranes?

A

Nonionized drugs cross cell membranes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

A noncompetitive inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase would have what major side effects?

A 
Build up Ach concentrations in the body with no relief; cause SLUDGE-BBM
Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Defecation
GI distress
Emesis
Bronchoconstriction
Bradycardia
Miosis, Muscle spasm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which type of channel involves a conformational shift to open a channel and let ions flow through?

A

Ligand-gated ion channel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is tachyphylaxis?

A

An exhaustive situation in which after dosing a drug, you must administer a higher dose to get the same initial response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Drugs leave the systemic circulations and enter the tissues of the body via?

A

Distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How can the binding of a competitive antagonist be overcome?

A

Increase the concentration of the agonist at the receptor site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which enantiomer of Bupivicaine is cardiotoxic? Which is not?

A

L-isomer is cardiotoxic.

R-isomer (Rhopivicaine) is not.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How do drugs effect voltage-gated ion channels?

Example?

A

They bind and block the channel so that ions cannot pass through to cell, altering the electrical activity of the cell.
Lidocaine and Na+ channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the major converter of drugs to metabolites in the liver?

A

Cytochrine P450

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

A drug that produces its clinical effect by binding to a receptor without activating it and simultaneously prevents an agonist from stimulating it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What type of antagonism cannot be overcome by increasing the concentration of the agonist?

A

Irreversible blockade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are two ways drugs exit the central compartment in the compartment model?

A

Biotransformation + excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

In the compartmental model, from the central compartment free drug can travel to what three areas of the body?

A

Therapeutic site of action (positive effects)
Tissue reservoirs
Unwanted site of action (negative effects)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

In a pH lower than its pK, a basic drug will be ionized or nonionized?

A

Ionized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Which method of administering drugs would be represented by a graph that demonstrates a steep incline followed by a steep and then more gradual decline?

A

Most realistic model; takes into account both the elimination mechanism and extravascular equilibration. Rapid equilibration (steep decline) and then slower elimination (more gradual decline)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

In the compartment model, we examine the pharmacokinetics of drugs in terms of:

A

What compartments they travel to + what happens when they reach those compartments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

By what mechanism does the liver remove drug from plasma?

A

Hoffman elimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

In the central compartment, some drug is bound to:

A

proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

In which compartment (central or peripheral) will lipophilic drugs tend to sequester?

A

Peripheral compartment; likes to cross cell membranes and remain in fatty tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Phenylephrine is an example of what kind of membrane receptor?

A

Agonist: stimulates sympathetic response on a-1 receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How many phases of metabolic biotransformation are there?

A

Two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is a prodrug? Give an example.

A

A drug that itself is not an active effector, but once it is metabolized in the body, those metabolites are active effectors
Morphine itself isn’t active, but its metabolite morphine-6-glucoronite is active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Which type of drug (ionized or nonionized) is soluble in water?

A

Ionized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the four major types of reactions in metabolism?

A

1) Oxidation
2) Reduction
3) Conjugation
4) Hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Interstitial fluid is a component of

A

Extracellular fluid, along with plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the R-isomer (type of enantiomer) of Bupivicaine?

A

Rhopivicaine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Phenylephrine is a/an ____________ -acting agonist. Its mechanism is:

A

directly-acting: binds to alpha and beta receptors to cause an effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Why do patients feel hungover after having been administered thiopental as compared to propofol?

A

Longer elimination phase; hangs around in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Narcan is an ___________ of which membrane receptors?

A

Antagonist of opioid receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Drugs sequestered in tissues where they are ionized or nonionized?

A

Ionized; they freely travel in tissues where they are nonionized, but once they are ionized they cannot cross into other tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What occurs in phase II of metabolic biotransformation?

A

Polar metabolite conjugates with an endogenous substrate to become water soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are the two components of extracellular fluid?

A

Plasma + Interstitial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Drugs that are not distributed or eliminated go where? This marks the transfer from pharmacokinetics to?

A

Site of action; pharmacodynamics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

If pK of substrate (drug) = pH of surrounding fluid, what portion of substrate is ionized?

A

50% is ionized.

52
Q

The term “mimetic” relates to what type of drug that acts on membrane receptors?

A

Agonist

53
Q

What is an agonist?

A

A drug that produces its clinical effect by binding to a receptor and activating it

54
Q

What are enantiomers?

A

Two molecules having the same chemical composition but different orientations around a central atoms; these molecules are mirror images of each other

55
Q

The term “blocking” relates to what type of drug that acts on membrane receptors?

A

Antagonist

56
Q

Why do patients with liver failure have a more exaggerated response to drugs?

A

They have low levels of albumin in the blood, so there is a higher concentration of free drug in the body that produces a more exaggerated effect.

57
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

What the BODY does to the drug

58
Q

What is defined as an enzymatic alteration of a drug’s chemical structure?

A

Metabolism

59
Q

Indirectly-acting agonists increase the concentration of endogenous substrate at a receptor site: what are examples of endogenous substrate?

A

Neurotransmitters or hormones

60
Q

From the drug dose, what process determines how much will enter the central compartment?

A

Absorption

61
Q

The two compartment model demonstrates what two main compartments in the body?

A

Central + peripheral compartments

62
Q

Intracellular fluid accounts for what proportion of total body fluid?

A

2/3

63
Q

What are the four main components of pharmacokinetics?

A

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

64
Q

Competitive antagonist is irreversible or reversible?

A

Reversible blockade

65
Q

Across the lipid mucosal barrier, a steep concentration gradient exists between levels of which drug type (ionized or nonionized)?

A

Ionized

EXAMPLE: Plasma has a more basic pH, so an acidic drug is going to be largely ionized in that environment, meaning only the small portion of basic drug can cross the lipid membrane barrier. Once the nonionized drug crosses the lipid membrane barrier into very acidic gastric juice, the drug is more likely to exist in its nonionized form than ionized. Therefore, the nonionized forms can equilibrate across the membrane, but the nonionized form cannot, and there’s a much greater concentration of nonionized drug in the plasma than in the gastric juice.

66
Q

Of any administered dose, what percentage of midazolam is active?

A

5% is active; 95% is bound to proteins

67
Q

GABA is an example of what kind of receptor?

A

Ligand-gated ion channel

68
Q

Fentanyl is an __________ of which membrane receptors?

A

Agonist of opioid receptors, specifically mu receptors

69
Q

Ephedrine is a/an ______________ -acting agonist. Its mechanism is:

A

indirectly-acting: releases stores of norepi and norepi binds at receptors to cause effect

70
Q

How does degree of protein binding relate to volume of distribution?

A

Degree of protein binding is inversely proportional to volume of distribution

71
Q

Extracellular fluid accounts for what proportion of total body fluid?

A

1/3

72
Q

Volume of distribution relates what two values?

A

The amount of drug in the body to the concentration of drug in the blood or plasma

73
Q

For which receptor must the drug first cross the cell membrane?

A

Enzyme receptors

74
Q

The term “enteral” means that drugs are administered:

A

via the alimentary tract

75
Q

Highly perfused tissues include:

Of the two compartment model, in which compartment are these tissues included?

A

Brain, liver, kidney, lungs, heart…

Central compartment

76
Q

Which compartment of the two compartment model exhibits slower uptake?

A

Peripheral compartment

77
Q

What is an example of a non-competitive antagonist? How do you correct for its action?

A

Plavix; its active metabolite prevents the binding of ADP to platelet P2Y12 receptors, therefore preventing the activation of the glycoprotein GPIIb/IIIa complex and in doing so, inhibiting the aggregation of platelets
To correct for it, you must give more platelets

78
Q

Which method of administering drugs would be represented by a graph that demonstrates a steep incline followed by an exponential decay to a steady state?

A

Direct injection of drug into blood with route of equilibration; the blood volume equilibrates quickly with the extravascular volume, causing a drop in concentration of drug in the blood until that steady state is reached; then the amount of drug in the blood and in the extravascular volume are equal and constant

79
Q

Which method of administering drugs would be represented by a graph that demonstrates a steep incline followed by a plateau?

A

Direct injection of drug into blood with no route of eliminiation

80
Q

Basic drugs travel on what type of protein in the body?

A

alpha-1-acid glycoprotein

81
Q

Name two drugs that act on GABA receptors:

A

1) Propofol (all induction drugs)

2) Benzodiazepines

82
Q

What type of antagonist is rocuronium– competitive or noncompetitive? By what mechanism?

A

Competitive: binds to Ach receptors and blocks them, preventing Ach from binding–increasing the concentration of Ach at the receptor site will out-compete rocuronium

83
Q

Do drugs have positive or negative effects on enzymatic processes within the cell?

A

Postive (upregulation)

84
Q

What two things determine ionization of a drug?

A

pK of drug (substrate)

pH of surrounding fluid

85
Q

The total approximation of all the compartments to which the drug goes

A

Volume of distribution

86
Q

Say your patient has a tumor that secretes catecholamines (epi/norepi), and those catecholamines act on alpha + beta receptors in the body. How does your body maintain homeostasis?

A

It down-regulates the number of alpha and beta receptors present.

87
Q

Term for a drug that has an exaggerated response:

A

hyperactive

88
Q

Esmolol is an __________ of what receptor?

A

Antagonist of beta-receptor

89
Q

What are the two phases following drug administration?

A

Distribution phase (rapid decline) and elimination phase (more gradual decline)

90
Q

Are drugs bound to protein physiologically inert?

A

No, these drugs have their full functions; they are just stuck in the plasma where there are no receptors to work on. Free drugs can pass from the central compartment to their site of action and have an effect.

91
Q

What are the three possible actions of a drug on a receptor?

A

1) Bind to it + activate it
2) Bind to it + block it
3) Bind to it + spur chain of events

92
Q

What kind of molecule is a receptor? Where is it located in the cell?

A

Protein; lipid bilayer of cell membrane

93
Q

Which type of drug (ionized or nonionized) is metabolized in the kidneys?

A

Ionized

94
Q

A term that describes an individual with an allergic response to a drug

A

Hypersensitive

95
Q

At what point on a graph demonstrating serum concentration over time do you wake up after a dose of propofol?

A

After the distribution phase–redistribution to tissues on which propofol doesn’t act

96
Q

The dose of the drug that you administer and the concentration of the drug that actually reaches systemic circulation differ due to what process?

A

Absorption

97
Q

CSF, GI fluids, and synovial fluids are all examples of:

A

interstitial fluid

98
Q

In the two compartment model, which compartment exhibits a rapid uptake of drug?

A

Central compartment

99
Q

Plasma makes up what proportion of your total blood volume?

A

2/3

100
Q

Biotransformation produces _____________ from free drug, and those are then:

A

metabolites; excreted from the body

101
Q

Which type of drug (ionized or nonionized) is metabolized in the liver?

A

Nonionized

102
Q

What is pharmacodynamics? (simple definition)

A

What the DRUG does to the body

103
Q

Which type of drug (ionized or nonionized) is soluble in lipids?

A

Nonionized

104
Q

Example of drug that acts on enzyme receptors?

A

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors

105
Q

What is the Law of Mass Action in relation to pharmacology?

A

The rate of reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of reactants.

106
Q

Acidic drugs travel on what type of protein in the body?

A

Albumin

107
Q

By what mechanism do kidneys remove drug from plasma?

A

Ester hydrolysis

108
Q

Which compartment includes tissues like fat, bone, and inactive skeletal muscle?

A

Peripheral compartment

109
Q

Why might acute stoppage of beta blockers cause a hypertensive crisis?

A

Beta blockers block beta receptors, causing an initial decrease in beta activity. To maintain homeostasis, the body makes more beta blockers in response. When you d/c beta blockers, you are opening many more receptors than patient originally had for epi/norepi to bind and cause a massive sympathetic response.

110
Q

A term that describes an individual with a tolerance for a dose of a drug that would otherwise have an effect

A

Hypsensitive

111
Q

What causes an effect on the cell in regards to ligand-gated channels?

A

Changes in ion concentrations across a membrane

112
Q

What are the eight routes of parenteral drug administration?

A 
Intravenous (IV)
Intramuscular (IM)
Subcutaneous 
Topical, Transdermal
Nasal
Intraarterial
Intrathecal (injected into CSF)
Pulmonary
113
Q

What are the three routes of drug administration that are enteral?

A

Oral (PO)
Rectal
Sublingual

114
Q

What is the difference between an additive effect and a synergistic effect?

A

Additive: 1 + 1 = 2; the doubled dose has the exact effect you would expect
Synergistic: 1 + 1 = 3; the doubled dose has even more of an effect than you would expect

115
Q

What occurs in phase I of metabolic biotransformation?

A

Convert drug to polar metabolite.

116
Q

Describe the mechanism of a directly-acting receptor agonist.

A

The drug combines directly with its receptor to trigger its physiological response.

117
Q

What method allows you to increase Ach concentration at Ach receptors in order to out-compete rocuronium?

A

Sustained tetany

118
Q

Hoffman elimination doesn’t depend on liver function but instead:

A

pH and temperature

119
Q

Of the two compartment model, from which compartment are drugs eventually eliminated?

A

Central compartment

120
Q

The central compartment accounts for what percent of cardiac output pathway? What about body mass?

A

75% of CO pathway, 10% of body mass

121
Q

If drugs have a large volume of distribution, are they more or less prone to protein binding?

A

Less prone

122
Q

Three site-specific factors affecting absorption of drug:

A

Blood flow from site
Surface area for absorption
Solubility of drug at site

123
Q

What term regarding drug response describes the situation in which you give one drug to negate another?

A

Antagonistic effect

124
Q

Describe the mechanism of an indirectly-acting receptor agonist.

A

The drug produces its physiological response by increasing the concentration of endogenous substrate at a receptor site..

125
Q

What is plasma?

A

Noncellular portion of blood

126
Q

What is pharmacodynamics? (fancy definition)

A

Intrinsic sensitivity/responsiveness of the body’s receptors to a drug

Anes 516: Pharmacology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions