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Argumentation > Lecture 1: Basic concepts > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Basic concepts Flashcards

1
Q

What is logic concerned with?

A

Identification, analysis, evaluation

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2
Q

What questions does logic help answering?

A

What are the inferences?
How do they support the conclusion?
And if they’re true, do they give us sufficient reason to support the conclusion?

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3
Q

What questions is dialectic concerned with?

A

What type of dialogue is taking place?
What are the rules of this type dialogue?
Do the participants observe the rules?

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4
Q

What does dialectic help with?

A

The evaluation of arguments

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5
Q

What is rhetoric concerned with?

A

Means of persuasion, not strong arguments

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6
Q

2 aspects of rhetoric

A

Credibility, audience expectation

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7
Q

Logic looks at

A

Texts with inferences

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8
Q

Logic uses concepts like

A

Inconsistency, syllogism, argumentation schemes

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9
Q

Logic evaluates

A

Validity, strength

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10
Q

Dialectic looks at

A

Dialogues: parties playing certain roles, making certain moves

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11
Q

Dialectic uses concepts like

A

Types of dialogue, commitment, rules

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12
Q

Dialectic evaluates

A

Observing rules

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13
Q

Rhetoric looks at

A

Influencer: devices employed to persuade

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14
Q

Rhetoric uses concepts like

A

Credibility, audience expectation

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15
Q

Rhetoric evaluates

A

Effectiveness

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16
Q

What is an argument made out of?

A

Claim + reason for it

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17
Q

What is the claim in an argument?

A

The conclusion

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18
Q

What is the reason in an argument?

A

Set of premises

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19
Q

If conclusion follows from premises, then the premises constitute a good reason for…

A

The conclusion

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20
Q

If there are premises, then they transmit their truth to the conclusion through…

A

Inferential connection

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21
Q

How can we pick out premises and conclusions?

A

With premise/conclusion indicators

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22
Q

Examples for premise indicators:

A

Since, for, because, given that, for the reason that, seeing that

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23
Q

Examples for conclusion indicators:

A

Therefore, so, hence, consequently, thus, we may conclude that, it follows that, accordingly

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24
Q

What are arguments for?

A

To convince another party who doesn’t accept the claim

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25
Q

Arguments can also be used for purposes like:

A

Thinking through an issue, e.g. in group decision making, giving instructions

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26
Q

Arguments and explanations both rely on inferential connections, but…

A

Use them differently

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27
Q

When we argue, the statement the inference points to is…

A

Open to doubt

28
Q

In case of arguments, the inferential connection is supposed to show that…

A

Inference statements is true

29
Q

When we explain something, the statement the inference points to is…

A

Known to be true

30
Q

In case of explanations, the inferential connection is supposed to show how…

A

The inference statement became true

31
Q

Typical features of dialogues containing. arguments

A

Opposing viewpoints
Civility

32
Q

Characteristics of opposing viewpoints in arguments

A

Oppositions define the issue
Oppositions may be of varying strength
In case of full agreement there is no need for arguments

33
Q

Characteristics of civility

A

Participants take turns to speak their truth: they make characteristic moves when doing so and they don’t try to prevent others from speaking

34
Q

What is a speech act?

A

What we do when pronouncing a sentence in given situation

35
Q

Moves performed in argumentative dialogues are viewed as…

A

Speech acts

36
Q

Arguments are usually given by

A

Assertions

37
Q

By making an assertion, you commit yourself to statement (preposition) which is…

A

True or false

38
Q

Assertions incur a burden of proof, which is an…

A

Obligation to provide an argument when requested

39
Q

Characteristics of concession

A

If you don’t want to challenge an assertion, you may concede it
Has weaker commitment than assertion
Doesn’t include burden of proof
May be retracted later on
Focuses on discussion: only conceded things should be argued about
Supports cooperation: suggests that I am not an enemy that is determined to reject everything, but rather a partner in collaborative effort to explore issue

40
Q

What are questions in arguments?

A

Rarely show up, but usually used to criticise claims, are backed up by assertion

41
Q

Questions indicate the presence of … and following assertion gives the reason. for …

A

Doubt … Legitimacy of doubt

42
Q

Questions like this must be answered, and they must indicate the reason why…

A

They’re unjustified

43
Q

What are rhetorical questions?

A

Interrogative sentences, which are used as assertions

44
Q

Rhetorical questions differ from questions, bc…

A

They don’t call for an answer

45
Q

Similarity between assertions and rhetorical questions

A

One may respond by denying them

46
Q

What is persuasion dialogue?

A

Paradigmatic argumentative dialogue, which has both cooperation and fight

47
Q

Initial state of persuasion dialogue

A

Conflict of opinions

48
Q

Goal of participants in persuasion dialogue

A

To persuade other party

49
Q

Goal of persuasion dialogue

A

Resolve conflict and clarify issue

50
Q

Key aspect of cooperation in persuasion dialogue

A

Openness to the other side’s argument: listen to them, evaluate them objectively, be willing to change your position if they are strong enough

51
Q

(Consequences of persuasive arguments) 1. There is little chance of coming to an agreement if participants share only…

A

A few premises

52
Q

(Consequences of persuasive arguments) 2. Winning the argument doesn’t guarantee the truth, because

A

Persuasive agreements require shared premises, not true premises, and false premises may lead to false conclusions

53
Q

(Consequences of persuasive arguments) 3. Having a better view (closer to the truth/more probable/better justified) doesn’t guarantee winning the debate, because…

A

Outcome depends on how good participants are at finding premises their opponents accept and building good arguments on them

54
Q

(Consequences of persuasive arguments) 4. If participants are equally knowledgeable and smart about the issue the… is more likely to win

A

Better view

55
Q

2 ways to criticize arguments

A
  1. Attack the premises
  2. Attack the inference
56
Q

‘Attack the premises’ critique’s characteristics

A

If one of the premises are false, you’re entitled to reject the conclusion
Other side may put out a new argument to protect the premise in question

57
Q

‘Attack the inference’ critique’s characteristics

A

You may reject the conclusion if it doesn’t follow from the premises (whether or not the premises are true)

58
Q

Argumentative tasks in a debate (4)

A
  1. Argue for your position
  2. Refute the other side’s objections
  3. Refute the other side’s position
  4. Refute the other side’s arguments for their position
59
Q

Advice for debates

A

The other side (+audience) needs to understand what you’re currently doing: so if it is not exactly clear, say explicitly which task you’re seeking to accomplish

60
Q

What are asymmetric debates?

A

In asymmetric battles, one party doesn’t have to have a position, they just have to challenge the other party’s position

61
Q

Example for asymmetric debates

A

In criminal trials: prosecution has to prove that defendant is guilty, but the defense doesn’t have to prove that they’re innocent, they only have show that the prosecution’s proof is unsatisfactory

62
Q

Application of argumentative tasks in asymmetric debates (criminal trials)

A
  1. Argue for your position (applies only to the party with a position - prosecution)
  2. Refute the other side’s objections (applies only to the party with a position - prosecution)
  3. Refute the other side’s position (applies to neither)
  4. Refute the other side’s arguments for their position (applies only to the party without a position - defense)
63
Q

Who should you persuade during a debate?

A
  1. Other side
  2. Audience, e.g., presidential candidate debates (main goal is that audience accepts your premises, not other side)
  3. Virtual audience e.g., YouTube video, scientific paper (an asymmetric debate w/ an imagined party contesting our position, w/out having a position of their own, you must rely on widely accepted premises)
64
Q

When does a persuasion dialogue fail between 2 parties?

A

If one of them is not willing to cooperate

65
Q

Signs of failure in persuasion dialogues

A
  1. Anger, bitterness, insults, accusations, ridicule (gúny)
  2. Intransigence/Inflexibility: unwillingness to sincerely try to understand the other side, keep repeating one’s points, ignoring the other side’s concerns
  3. Lack of focus: subject keeps changing, more and more points of disagreement emerge

Argumentation (4 decks)

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