Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Argumentation > Lecture 1: Basic concepts > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Basic concepts Flashcards

1
Q

What is logic concerned with?

A

Identification, analysis, evaluation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What questions does logic help answering?

A

What are the inferences?
How do they support the conclusion?
And if they’re true, do they give us sufficient reason to support the conclusion?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What questions is dialectic concerned with?

A

What type of dialogue is taking place?
What are the rules of this type dialogue?
Do the participants observe the rules?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does dialectic help with?

A

The evaluation of arguments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is rhetoric concerned with?

A

Means of persuasion, not strong arguments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

2 aspects of rhetoric

A

Credibility, audience expectation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Logic looks at

A

Texts with inferences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Logic uses concepts like

A

Inconsistency, syllogism, argumentation schemes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Logic evaluates

A

Validity, strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Dialectic looks at

A

Dialogues: parties playing certain roles, making certain moves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Dialectic uses concepts like

A

Types of dialogue, commitment, rules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Dialectic evaluates

A

Observing rules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Rhetoric looks at

A

Influencer: devices employed to persuade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Rhetoric uses concepts like

A

Credibility, audience expectation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Rhetoric evaluates

A

Effectiveness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an argument made out of?

A

Claim + reason for it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the claim in an argument?

A

The conclusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the reason in an argument?

A

Set of premises

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

If conclusion follows from premises, then the premises constitute a good reason for…

A

The conclusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

If there are premises, then they transmit their truth to the conclusion through…

A

Inferential connection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How can we pick out premises and conclusions?

A

With premise/conclusion indicators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Examples for premise indicators:

A

Since, for, because, given that, for the reason that, seeing that

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Examples for conclusion indicators:

A

Therefore, so, hence, consequently, thus, we may conclude that, it follows that, accordingly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are arguments for?

A

To convince another party who doesn’t accept the claim

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Arguments can also be used for purposes like:
Thinking through an issue, e.g. in group decision making, giving instructions
26
Arguments and explanations both rely on inferential connections, but...
Use them differently
27
When we argue, the statement the inference points to is...
Open to doubt
28
In case of arguments, the inferential connection is supposed to show that...
Inference statements is true
29
When we explain something, the statement the inference points to is...
Known to be true
30
In case of explanations, the inferential connection is supposed to show how...
The inference statement became true
31
Typical features of dialogues containing. arguments
Opposing viewpoints Civility
32
Characteristics of opposing viewpoints in arguments
Oppositions define the issue Oppositions may be of varying strength In case of full agreement there is no need for arguments
33
Characteristics of civility
Participants take turns to speak their truth: they make characteristic moves when doing so and they don't try to prevent others from speaking
34
What is a speech act?
What we do when pronouncing a sentence in given situation
35
Moves performed in argumentative dialogues are viewed as...
Speech acts
36
Arguments are usually given by
Assertions
37
By making an assertion, you commit yourself to statement (preposition) which is...
True or false
38
Assertions incur a burden of proof, which is an...
Obligation to provide an argument when requested
39
Characteristics of concession
If you don't want to challenge an assertion, you may concede it Has weaker commitment than assertion Doesn't include burden of proof May be retracted later on Focuses on discussion: only conceded things should be argued about Supports cooperation: suggests that I am not an enemy that is determined to reject everything, but rather a partner in collaborative effort to explore issue
40
What are questions in arguments?
Rarely show up, but usually used to criticise claims, are backed up by assertion
41
Questions indicate the presence of ... and following assertion gives the reason. for ...
Doubt ... Legitimacy of doubt
42
Questions like this must be answered, and they must indicate the reason why...
They're unjustified
43
What are rhetorical questions?
Interrogative sentences, which are used as assertions
44
Rhetorical questions differ from questions, bc...
They don't call for an answer
45
Similarity between assertions and rhetorical questions
One may respond by denying them
46
What is persuasion dialogue?
Paradigmatic argumentative dialogue, which has both cooperation and fight
47
Initial state of persuasion dialogue
Conflict of opinions
48
Goal of participants in persuasion dialogue
To persuade other party
49
Goal of persuasion dialogue
Resolve conflict and clarify issue
50
Key aspect of cooperation in persuasion dialogue
Openness to the other side's argument: listen to them, evaluate them objectively, be willing to change your position if they are strong enough
51
(Consequences of persuasive arguments) 1. There is little chance of coming to an agreement if participants share only...
A few premises
52
(Consequences of persuasive arguments) 2. Winning the argument doesn't guarantee the truth, because
Persuasive agreements require shared premises, not true premises, and false premises may lead to false conclusions
53
(Consequences of persuasive arguments) 3. Having a better view (closer to the truth/more probable/better justified) doesn't guarantee winning the debate, because...
Outcome depends on how good participants are at finding premises their opponents accept and building good arguments on them
54
(Consequences of persuasive arguments) 4. If participants are equally knowledgeable and smart about the issue the... is more likely to win
Better view
55
2 ways to criticize arguments
1. Attack the premises 2. Attack the inference
56
'Attack the premises' critique's characteristics
If one of the premises are false, you're entitled to reject the conclusion Other side may put out a new argument to protect the premise in question
57
'Attack the inference' critique's characteristics
You may reject the conclusion if it doesn't follow from the premises (whether or not the premises are true)
58
Argumentative tasks in a debate (4)
1. Argue for your position 2. Refute the other side's objections 3. Refute the other side's position 4. Refute the other side's arguments for their position
59
Advice for debates
The other side (+audience) needs to understand what you're currently doing: so if it is not exactly clear, say explicitly which task you're seeking to accomplish
60
What are asymmetric debates?
In asymmetric battles, one party doesn't have to have a position, they just have to challenge the other party's position
61
Example for asymmetric debates
In criminal trials: prosecution has to prove that defendant is guilty, but the defense doesn't have to prove that they're innocent, they only have show that the prosecution's proof is unsatisfactory
62
Application of argumentative tasks in asymmetric debates (criminal trials)
1. Argue for your position (applies only to the party with a position - prosecution) 2. Refute the other side's objections (applies only to the party with a position - prosecution) 3. Refute the other side's position (applies to neither) 4. Refute the other side's arguments for their position (applies only to the party without a position - defense)
63
Who should you persuade during a debate?
1. Other side 2. Audience, e.g., presidential candidate debates (main goal is that audience accepts your premises, not other side) 3. Virtual audience e.g., YouTube video, scientific paper (an asymmetric debate w/ an imagined party contesting our position, w/out having a position of their own, you must rely on widely accepted premises)
64
When does a persuasion dialogue fail between 2 parties?
If one of them is not willing to cooperate
65
Signs of failure in persuasion dialogues
1. Anger, bitterness, insults, accusations, ridicule (gúny) 2. Intransigence/Inflexibility: unwillingness to sincerely try to understand the other side, keep repeating one's points, ignoring the other side's concerns 3. Lack of focus: subject keeps changing, more and more points of disagreement emerge

Argumentation (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions