Lecture 1 - Basic chemistry & biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following best describes matter?

A) It has mass but does not take up space.
B) It takes up space and has mass.
C) It does not have mass but takes up space.
D) It neither takes up space nor has mass.

A

Answer: B) It takes up space and has mass.

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2
Q

Which form of matter has a definite shape and volume?

A) Solid
B) Liquid
C) Gas
D) Plasma

A

Answer: A) Solid

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3
Q

What is the energy of motion called?

A) Potential energy
B) Kinetic energy
C) Chemical energy
D) Radiant energy

A

Answer: B) Kinetic energy

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4
Q

When energy changes form, what is always true?

A) It becomes more efficient.
B) It is created during the process.
C) Some energy is lost as heat.
D) It cannot change back.

A

Answer: C) Some energy is lost as heat.

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5
Q

Which of the following is NOT a major element in the body?

A) Carbon
B) Oxygen
C) Hydrogen
D) Sodium

A

Answer: D) Sodium

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6
Q

Which subatomic particle weighs 1 amu?

A) Proton
B) Neutron
C) Electron
D) Both A and B

A

Answer: A) Proton

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7
Q

The element that is part of the trace elements in the body is:

A) Oxygen
B) Hydrogen
C) Iron
D) Nitrogen

A

Answer: C) Iron

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8
Q

What defines a compound?

A) Two or more atoms chemically bonded.
B) Two or more different atoms chemically bonded.
C) Two or more atoms physically mixed.
D) Atoms in the same element bonded together.

A

Answer: B) Two or more different atoms chemically bonded.

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9
Q

Which of the following is NOT a basic type of mixture?

A) Solution
B) Colloid
C) Suspension
D) Compound

A

Answer: D) Compound

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10
Q

In a solution, the substance present in the larger amount is called the:

A) Solute
B) Solvent
C) Colloid
D) Suspension

A

Answer: B) Solvent

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11
Q

What happens to particles in a suspension?

A) They do not scatter light.
B) They settle out.
C) They are dissolved.
D) They remain evenly distributed.

A

Answer: B) They settle out and may scatter light

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12
Q

Which of the following is the strongest type of chemical bond?

A) Ionic
B) Hydrogen
C) Covalent
D) Electrostatic

A

Answer: C) Covalent

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13
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A) Sharing of electrons.
B) Loss or gain of electrons, creating charged atoms.
C) Weak bonds between molecules.
D) Attraction between opposite dipoles.

A

Answer: B) Loss or gain of electrons, creating charged atoms.

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14
Q

Which of the following is true about a hydrogen bond?

A) It is the strongest type of bond.
B) It involves sharing electrons equally.
C) It occurs between polar molecules.
D) It forms between ions.

A

Answer: C) It occurs between polar molecules.

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15
Q

Which rule explains the tendency of atoms to want eight electrons in their valence shell?

A) Quantum rule
B) Octet rule
C) Electron affinity rule
D) Pauli exclusion principle

A

Answer: B) Octet rule

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16
Q

What type of reaction involves combining smaller molecules to form a larger one?

A) Synthesis
B) Decomposition
C) Displacement
D) Redox

A

Answer: A) Synthesis

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17
Q

A reaction where a compound is broken down into smaller components is known as:

A) Synthesis
B) Decomposition
C) Displacement
D) Oxidation

A

Answer: B) Decomposition

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18
Q

In a redox reaction, what happens?

A) Energy is released.
B) Electrons are exchanged.
C) Protons are gained or lost.
D) Molecules combine without exchanging electrons.

A

Answer: B) Electrons are exchanged.

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19
Q

Which factor does NOT increase the rate of chemical reactions?

A) Increased temperature
B) Increased particle size
C) Higher concentration of reactants
D) Presence of a catalyst

A

Answer: B) Increased particle size.

20
Q

Exergonic reactions are characterized by:

A) Releasing energy
B) Absorbing energy
C) No energy change
D) Releasing potential energy

A

Answer: A) Releasing energy.

21
Q

Endergonic reactions result in:
A) Products having more potential energy than reactants.
B) Products having less potential energy than reactants.
C) Products and reactants having the same energy.
D) Releasing kinetic energy.

A

Answer: A) Products having more potential energy than reactants.

22
Q

Which of the following is NOT an inorganic compound?

A) Water
B) Salts
C) Proteins
D) Acids

A

Answer: C) Proteins

23
Q

Organic compounds must contain:

A) Carbon
B) Oxygen
C) Nitrogen
D) Sulfur

A

Answer: A) Carbon

24
Q

Which of the following is the most abundant inorganic compound in living cells?

A) Salt
B) Water
C) Phospholipids
D) Glucose

A

Answer: B) Water

25
Water's ability to absorb and release large amounts of heat before changing temperature is called: A) High heat capacity B) High heat of vaporization C) Cohesion D) Polarity
Answer: A) High heat capacity
26
The property of water that allows it to dissolve ionic and polar substances is called: A) Heat capacity B) Solubility C) Polar solvent properties D) Adhesion
Answer: C) Polar solvent properties
27
Which of the following compounds dissociates into cations and anions when dissolved in water? A) Proteins B) Lipids C) Salts D) Carbohydrates
Answer: C) Salts
28
Acids are considered proton: A) Donors B) Acceptors C) Neutrals D) Buffers
Answer: A) Donors
29
Which of the following pH values represents an acidic solution? A) 8.0 B) 7.0 C) 6.0 D) 14.0
Answer: C) 6.0
30
Buffers function to: A) Speed up chemical reactions B) Resist changes in pH C) Lower pH D) Increase temperature
Answer: B) Resist changes in pH
31
Which of the following is a monosaccharide? A) Sucrose B) Lactose C) Glycogen D) Glucose
Answer: D) Glucose
32
Polysaccharides are polymers made of: A) Fatty acids B) Amino acids C) Nucleotides D) Simple sugars
Answer: D) Simple sugars
33
Which type of lipid is a major component of cell membranes? A) Triglycerides B) Phospholipids C) Steroids D) Eicosanoids
Answer: B) Phospholipids
34
The most common type of neutral fat in the body is: A) Cholesterol B) Phospholipid C) Steroid D) Triglyceride
Answer: D) Triglyceride
35
Which of the following is a steroid? A) Cholesterol B) Glycogen C) Glucose D) Phospholipid
Answer: A) Cholesterol
36
Proteins are polymers composed of: A) Monosaccharides B) Fatty acids C) Amino acids D) Nucleotides
Answer: C) Amino acids
37
The quaternary structure of a protein is formed by: A) Folding of the secondary structure B) Two or more polypeptide chains linked together C) A single polypeptide chain D) Hydrogen bonds between amino acids
Answer: B) Two or more polypeptide chains linked together
38
What type of bond connects amino acids to form a protein? A) Ionic bond B) Peptide bond C) Hydrogen bond D) Disulfide bond
Answer: B) Peptide bond
39
Enzymes act as: A) Structural components of cells B) Chemical messengers C) Biological catalysts D) Energy sources
Answer: C) Biological catalysts
40
Enzymes work by: A) Increasing activation energy B) Lowering activation energy C) Adding energy to the reaction D) Consuming substrates
Answer: B) Lowering activation energy
41
Enzyme names often end with the suffix: A) -ose B) -ine C) -ase D) -one
Answer: C) -ase
42
The building blocks of nucleic acids are: A) Monosaccharides B) Fatty acids C) Nucleotides D) Amino acids
Answer: C) Nucleotides
42
Which of the following nitrogenous bases is only found in RNA? A) Adenine B) Thymine C) Guanine D) Uracil
Answer: D) Uracil
43
The primary function of DNA is to: A) Synthesize proteins directly B) Store and transfer genetic information C) Catalyze chemical reactions D) Regulate pH balance
Answer: B) Store and transfer genetic information
44
Which of the following is NOT a type of RNA? A) mRNA B) tRNA C) rRNA D) dRNA
Answer: D) dRNA
45
Which molecule provides an immediate source of energy for cellular processes? A) Glucose B) DNA C) ATP D) NADH
Answer: C) ATP
46
Energy is released from ATP when: A) A phosphate group is added B) ATP is converted to ADP and a phosphate group C) ATP is synthesized from ADP D) Two phosphate groups are removed
Answer: B) ATP is converted to ADP and a phosphate group