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Respiratory Pathology > Lecture 1 and 2 upper airway disorders > Flashcards

Lecture 1 and 2 upper airway disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Where does cartilage disappear in the respiratory tract?

A

At the transitional area at the bronchiole level

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2
Q

What are the defence mechanisms of the conducting system?

A

Sneezing, coughing, mucociliary clearance, mucus, antibodies

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3
Q

What are the defence mechanisms of the transitional system?

A

Club cells (detoxify foreign substances) Antioxidants, antibodies

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4
Q

What are the defence mechanisms of the exchange system?

A

Alveolar macrophages (inhaled pathogens) Intravascular monocytes (circulating pathogens) Antibodies, surfactant, antioxidants

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5
Q
A

Alveolar macrophage

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6
Q

What are some of the impariment defense mechanisms by viral infections?

A

Injured epithelium - enhances bacterial attachment and impaired mucociliary clearance

Reduction in antibacterial secretory products

Dysfunction of alveolar macrophages and lymphocytes

Immunosupressive effects by some viruses

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7
Q

What effec do toxic gases have on the RS?

A
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8
Q

Epistaxis definition?

A

Blood flow from the nose (nasal caivty or the lungs)

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9
Q

Haemoptysis definition?

A

Coughng uo blood in sputum or saliva (commonly from lung lesions)

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10
Q

Ethmoidal Haematomas definition?

A

Chronic, progressive, often unilateral nasal bleeding

Appears as a soft, tumour-like, dark-red mass arising from the mucosa of the ethmoidal conchae

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11
Q

Hyposomia defintion?

A

Reduction in olfactory function secondary to chronic injury to the olfactory epithelium

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12
Q

Anosmia definition?

A

Loss of olfacotry function

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13
Q
A

Ethmodial haematoma - horse

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14
Q

What would clear fluid dripping from the nose be termed?

A

Serous rhinitis

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15
Q

Thick mucus with some leukocytes and cellular debris which could grogress to mucopurulent with neutrophils present

A

Catarrhal rhinitis

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16
Q

Heavy neutophil content plus mucus and cellular debris

more severe damage to muccosa, necrosis

Indicates secondary bacterial infections

A

Mucopurulent (Suppurative) Rhinitis

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17
Q
A

Suppurative Rhinitis: Calf

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18
Q

Inflamm with increased vascular permeability

Large amount of fibrigen coagulates into fibrin

Yellow, tan or gray rubbery mat on the mucosa

May form a pseudomembrane that is difficult to remove and has underlying necrotic tissue

A

Fibrinous Rhinitis

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19
Q
A

Fibrinous Rhinitis: Calf

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20
Q

What is this condition and what ateiologies can cause it?

A

Chronic allergic inflamm, fungal infections, foreign bodies, granulomatous masses may obstruct nasal caivity –> lead to destruciton of turbinates or erosin into sinuses

Picture: Granulomatous Rhinitis - a cow with fungal infection on nasal septum

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21
Q
A

Fungal Sinusitis: Dog

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22
Q

What causes equine viral rhinopneumonitis?

A

Equine herpesvirus (EHV-1 and EHV-4)

Causes mild respiraotry disease in foals and young adults

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23
Q

Characteristics of equine influenza?

A

Highly contagious and salf limting

URTI

High morbidity and low mortiality

24
Q

What can Equine rhinovirus, adenovirus and parainfluenza virus cause?

A

Causes transient URTI

25
What baccteria causes strangles and where does it cause pathology?
Streptococcus equi Suppurative Rhinitis: lots of mucopurulent nasal discharge and hyperaemia of nasal mucosa Mandibular and retropharyngeal: inflamm or LN (lymphadenitis) Can spread to lungs and other organs
26
What bacteria is equine glanders caused by and what pathology does it cause?
Burkholderia mallei Causes pyogranulomatous nodules on nasal muscosa In the lungs causes nodules resembing millet seeds Cutaneous lesions (equine farcy) --\> suppurative lymphangitis
27
What causes infectious bovine rhiotracheitis (IBR) and what patholog does it cause?
Bovine herpesvirus 1 has synergism with Mannheimia haemolytica producing pneumonia Respiratory form: severe hyperaemia and focal necrosis of nasal, pharyngeal, larygneal and traceal mucsa, seconary infections leading to fibrinonecroti (diphtheritic) layers
28
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis --\> Fibrinous Laryngitis and Tracheitis
29
What is atrophic rhinitis in pigs and what cobinated infection causes it?
Is the inflammation and atrophy of the nasal conchae (turbinates) Combined infection of Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida
30
What is this condition?
Atrophic Rhinitis
31
What are the characterisitics od Inclusion body rhinitis?
High morbidity and low mortailty of young pigs Mild rhinitis Necrostising, non-suppurative rhinitis
32
What condition is this and what cells are pointed out?
Inclusion body rhinitis Giant, basophilic, intranuclear inclusion bodies in nasal epithelium and glands
33
What viruses generally cause nasal diseases in dogs
Canine distemper virus, CAV-1 and CAV-2, canine parainflueza virus
34
What bacteria generally cause nasal diseases in dogs?
Bordatella bronchiseptica Eschericha coli Pastrurella multocida
35
What causes Feline viral rhinotracheitis?
Herpes virus (FHV-1) Predisposes to seondary bacteria pneumonia
36
What does feline calicivirus cause?
Mild to severe rhinitis, mucopurulent conjuncitivits, ulcerative gingivitis and stomatitis, secondary bacteria infections
37
What is this condition and what causes it?
Infectious coryza --\> Avibacterium paragallinarum
38
What is this condition and what causes it?
Pasteurellosis (Fowl Cholera) --\> Pasteurella multocida
39
What is this condition and what causes it?
Mycoplasmosis --\> mycoplasma spp M. gallisepticum
40
What are the overlapping signs of nasal neoplasia and infectious rhinitis?
Mucropurulent discharge, periodic haemorrhage, sneezing, blockage of nasolacrimal ducts
41
Squamous cell carcinoma
42
What is Bracycephalic airway syndrome?
Stenotic externl nostrils Excessive length of soft palate Eversion of laryngeal saccules
43
What has occured with traccheal collapse and stenosis?
Abnormal cartilaginous glycoproteins and loss of elasticity of tracheal rings casues the collapse Can be acquired or congential
44
Tracheal Collapse and Stenosis
45
Larngeal Hemiplegia (paralysis)
46
What is the technical name for roaring and what causes it?
Laryngeal hemiplegia (paralysis) Atrophy of dorsal and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles (left side), recurrent laryngeal nerve degeneration (idiopathic, inflamm or compression of nerve)
47
What commonly causes gutteral pouch empyema?
Aspergillus fumigatus
48
What commonly causes laryngitis and pharyngitis
Most causes due to trauma, pharyngeal perforation or necrotic laryngitis (fusobacterium necrophorum)
49
NEcrotic laryngitis: calf fusobacterum necrophorum
50
Trichomoniasis in a bird off prey
51
What is Vit A needed for in birds and what pathology does deficiency cause?
Vit A needed for normal cell function Deficiency causes mucus gland cells to undergo squamous metaplasia --\> keratin, conjunctivitis, pharyngitis and traccheitis
52
Vitamin A deficiency
53
What is the likley reason for seeing petechial haemorrhages in the laryngx and trachea?
Coagulopathies, inflamm and septicaemia Senn in classical swine fever and salmonellosis Severe dyspnoea and asphyxia before death
54
Common viral causes of tracheitis?
Bovine rhinotracheitis virus Equine virual rhinopneumonitis Feline rhinotracheitis virus Canine distemper virus Canine infectious tracheobronchitis Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) of birds
55
What causes infecitous Laryngotracheitis (ILT) of brids and what pathology does it cause?
Herpesvirus --\> highly infectious Rapid onset of respiraotry distress with gasping, respiratory gurgling and rattling --\> severe haemorrhage, fibrino-necrotic material in the trachea
56
Infectious Laryngotracheitis

Respiratory Pathology (1 decks)

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