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Respiratory Pathology > Lecture 1 and 2 upper airway disorders > Flashcards

Lecture 1 and 2 upper airway disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Where does cartilage disappear in the respiratory tract?

A

At the transitional area at the bronchiole level

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2
Q

What are the defence mechanisms of the conducting system?

A

Sneezing, coughing, mucociliary clearance, mucus, antibodies

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3
Q

What are the defence mechanisms of the transitional system?

A

Club cells (detoxify foreign substances) Antioxidants, antibodies

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4
Q

What are the defence mechanisms of the exchange system?

A

Alveolar macrophages (inhaled pathogens) Intravascular monocytes (circulating pathogens) Antibodies, surfactant, antioxidants

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5
Q
A

Alveolar macrophage

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6
Q

What are some of the impariment defense mechanisms by viral infections?

A

Injured epithelium - enhances bacterial attachment and impaired mucociliary clearance

Reduction in antibacterial secretory products

Dysfunction of alveolar macrophages and lymphocytes

Immunosupressive effects by some viruses

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7
Q

What effec do toxic gases have on the RS?

A
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8
Q

Epistaxis definition?

A

Blood flow from the nose (nasal caivty or the lungs)

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9
Q

Haemoptysis definition?

A

Coughng uo blood in sputum or saliva (commonly from lung lesions)

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10
Q

Ethmoidal Haematomas definition?

A

Chronic, progressive, often unilateral nasal bleeding

Appears as a soft, tumour-like, dark-red mass arising from the mucosa of the ethmoidal conchae

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11
Q

Hyposomia defintion?

A

Reduction in olfactory function secondary to chronic injury to the olfactory epithelium

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12
Q

Anosmia definition?

A

Loss of olfacotry function

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13
Q
A

Ethmodial haematoma - horse

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14
Q

What would clear fluid dripping from the nose be termed?

A

Serous rhinitis

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15
Q

Thick mucus with some leukocytes and cellular debris which could grogress to mucopurulent with neutrophils present

A

Catarrhal rhinitis

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16
Q

Heavy neutophil content plus mucus and cellular debris

more severe damage to muccosa, necrosis

Indicates secondary bacterial infections

A

Mucopurulent (Suppurative) Rhinitis

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17
Q
A

Suppurative Rhinitis: Calf

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18
Q

Inflamm with increased vascular permeability

Large amount of fibrigen coagulates into fibrin

Yellow, tan or gray rubbery mat on the mucosa

May form a pseudomembrane that is difficult to remove and has underlying necrotic tissue

A

Fibrinous Rhinitis

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19
Q
A

Fibrinous Rhinitis: Calf

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20
Q

What is this condition and what ateiologies can cause it?

A

Chronic allergic inflamm, fungal infections, foreign bodies, granulomatous masses may obstruct nasal caivity –> lead to destruciton of turbinates or erosin into sinuses

Picture: Granulomatous Rhinitis - a cow with fungal infection on nasal septum

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21
Q
A

Fungal Sinusitis: Dog

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22
Q

What causes equine viral rhinopneumonitis?

A

Equine herpesvirus (EHV-1 and EHV-4)

Causes mild respiraotry disease in foals and young adults

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23
Q

Characteristics of equine influenza?

A

Highly contagious and salf limting

URTI

High morbidity and low mortiality

24
Q

What can Equine rhinovirus, adenovirus and parainfluenza virus cause?

A

Causes transient URTI

25
Q

What baccteria causes strangles and where does it cause pathology?

A

Streptococcus equi

Suppurative Rhinitis: lots of mucopurulent nasal discharge and hyperaemia of nasal mucosa

Mandibular and retropharyngeal: inflamm or LN (lymphadenitis)

Can spread to lungs and other organs

26
Q

What bacteria is equine glanders caused by and what pathology does it cause?

A

Burkholderia mallei

Causes pyogranulomatous nodules on nasal muscosa

In the lungs causes nodules resembing millet seeds

Cutaneous lesions (equine farcy) –> suppurative lymphangitis

27
Q

What causes infectious bovine rhiotracheitis (IBR) and what patholog does it cause?

A

Bovine herpesvirus 1 has synergism with Mannheimia haemolytica producing pneumonia

Respiratory form: severe hyperaemia and focal necrosis of nasal, pharyngeal, larygneal and traceal mucsa, seconary infections leading to fibrinonecroti (diphtheritic) layers

28
Q
A

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis –> Fibrinous Laryngitis and Tracheitis

29
Q

What is atrophic rhinitis in pigs and what cobinated infection causes it?

A

Is the inflammation and atrophy of the nasal conchae (turbinates)

Combined infection of Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida

30
Q

What is this condition?

A

Atrophic Rhinitis

31
Q

What are the characterisitics od Inclusion body rhinitis?

A

High morbidity and low mortailty of young pigs

Mild rhinitis

Necrostising, non-suppurative rhinitis

32
Q

What condition is this and what cells are pointed out?

A

Inclusion body rhinitis

Giant, basophilic, intranuclear inclusion bodies in nasal epithelium and glands

33
Q

What viruses generally cause nasal diseases in dogs

A

Canine distemper virus, CAV-1 and CAV-2, canine parainflueza virus

34
Q

What bacteria generally cause nasal diseases in dogs?

A

Bordatella bronchiseptica

Eschericha coli

Pastrurella multocida

35
Q

What causes Feline viral rhinotracheitis?

A

Herpes virus (FHV-1)

Predisposes to seondary bacteria pneumonia

36
Q

What does feline calicivirus cause?

A

Mild to severe rhinitis, mucopurulent conjuncitivits, ulcerative gingivitis and stomatitis, secondary bacteria infections

37
Q

What is this condition and what causes it?

A

Infectious coryza –> Avibacterium paragallinarum

38
Q

What is this condition and what causes it?

A

Pasteurellosis (Fowl Cholera) –> Pasteurella multocida

39
Q

What is this condition and what causes it?

A

Mycoplasmosis –> mycoplasma spp M. gallisepticum

40
Q

What are the overlapping signs of nasal neoplasia and infectious rhinitis?

A

Mucropurulent discharge, periodic haemorrhage, sneezing, blockage of nasolacrimal ducts

41
Q
A

Squamous cell carcinoma

42
Q

What is Bracycephalic airway syndrome?

A

Stenotic externl nostrils

Excessive length of soft palate

Eversion of laryngeal saccules

43
Q

What has occured with traccheal collapse and stenosis?

A

Abnormal cartilaginous glycoproteins and loss of elasticity of tracheal rings casues the collapse

Can be acquired or congential

44
Q
A

Tracheal Collapse and Stenosis

45
Q
A

Larngeal Hemiplegia (paralysis)

46
Q

What is the technical name for roaring and what causes it?

A

Laryngeal hemiplegia (paralysis)

Atrophy of dorsal and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles (left side), recurrent laryngeal nerve degeneration (idiopathic, inflamm or compression of nerve)

47
Q

What commonly causes gutteral pouch empyema?

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

48
Q

What commonly causes laryngitis and pharyngitis

A

Most causes due to trauma, pharyngeal perforation or necrotic laryngitis (fusobacterium necrophorum)

49
Q
A

NEcrotic laryngitis: calf

fusobacterum necrophorum

50
Q
A

Trichomoniasis in a bird off prey

51
Q

What is Vit A needed for in birds and what pathology does deficiency cause?

A

Vit A needed for normal cell function

Deficiency causes mucus gland cells to undergo squamous metaplasia –> keratin, conjunctivitis, pharyngitis and traccheitis

52
Q
A

Vitamin A deficiency

53
Q

What is the likley reason for seeing petechial haemorrhages in the laryngx and trachea?

A

Coagulopathies, inflamm and septicaemia

Senn in classical swine fever and salmonellosis

Severe dyspnoea and asphyxia before death

54
Q

Common viral causes of tracheitis?

A

Bovine rhinotracheitis virus

Equine virual rhinopneumonitis

Feline rhinotracheitis virus

Canine distemper virus

Canine infectious tracheobronchitis

Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) of birds

55
Q

What causes infecitous Laryngotracheitis (ILT) of brids and what pathology does it cause?

A

Herpesvirus –> highly infectious

Rapid onset of respiraotry distress with gasping, respiratory gurgling and rattling –> severe haemorrhage, fibrino-necrotic material in the trachea

56
Q
A

Infectious Laryngotracheitis

Respiratory Pathology (1 decks)

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