Lecture 1 and 2 terms Flashcards
Abduction
The movement away from the median plane i.e. a lateral movement, opposite of adduction. This movement is in the coronal plane.
Adduction
Movement towards the mid-line of the body. The reverse of abduction.This movement is in the coronal plane.
Anatomical position
Standing upright, looking straight ahead with the palms of the hands facing forward and the feet together. The position of reference for all anatomical descriptions.
Anterior (or ventral)
Towards the front. Opposite of posterior.
Appendicular skeleton
The skeleton of the appendages (limbs).
Consists of 126 bones.
Axial skeleton
The axial skeleton is the part of the skeleton that consists of the bones of the head and trunk of a vertebrate. Consists of 80 bones.
Arm
The part of the upper limb between the shoulder and elbow joints.
Circumduction
The circular movement of a limb produced by a combination of abduction, adduction, extension and flexion. Circumduction should be distinguished from rotation which is turning around central axis.
Deep
In anatomy, used to describe structures
further from the surface. Opposite of superficial.
Distal
Further from the trunk, in relation to the anatomical position. Opposite of proximal.
Dorsiflexion
The movement of the ankle as the dorsum of the foot is elevated. Opposite of plantarflexion.
Extension
The reverse of flexion at a joint, usually straightening of a flexed joint.
Flexion
Bending of a joint usually so that the fleshy surfaces of the limb come into contact. Flexion is the opposite of extension.
Homeostasis
The maintenance of the internal environment of the body within a set range, essential for the optimal functioning of the body cells and tissues e.g. the pH of plasma is maintained within 7.35 to 7.45.
Hyperextension
Extension beyond the anatomical
position.
Inferior
Towards the feet. Opposite of superior.
Inversion
Movement of the joints of the foot so the sole faces medially.
Lateral
Away from the median plane. Opposite of medial.
Medial
Closer to the median plane. Opposite of lateral.
Opposition
Opposition is the movement of the thumb that moves it at the palm of the hand to the tip of any finger. This is a special movement as it allows for the grasping and manipulation of objects.
Plantarflexion
Movement of the ankle such as occurs when standing on the toes. Opposite of dorsiflexion.
Posterior (dorsal)
Towards the back. Opposite of anterior.
Pronation
Turning the hand while in the anatomical position so the palm is facing backwards. The reverse of supination.
Proximal
Closer to the trunk, in relation to the anatomical position. Opposite of distal.
Sagittal
The plane running vertically through the body, separating it into left and right parts.
Directional term- Sagittally
Plane is orientated parallel to long axis
Superficial
In gross anatomy, used to describe structures close to the surface. Opposite of deep.
Superior
Towards the head. Opposite of inferior.
Supination
Turning the hand into the anatomical position so the palm is facing forwards. The opposite of pronation.
Transverse
The plane running horizontally through the body or a limb separating it into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts.
Directional term - transversely (horizontally)
Plane is orientated perpendicular to long axis
Note - a cut in this plane is also called a cross-section
Trunk
General term for the thorax (chest), abdomen and pelvis.
What is the human tissue act for? When was the most recent update?
Regulates the removal, storage and use of human tissue. This act is specifically for using donated bodies or body parts for research and teaching.
Most recent update of the act in 2008
What are the conditions for the Human Tissue Act?
- Voluntary donation of bodies - Bodies come from bequests, not condemned criminals or unclaimed bodies.
- Requires dual signed consent by the donor and an immediate family member - (Informed consent - people whilst alive made the free choice to donate their bodies)
- Most bodies are held for approximately 18 months, however body parts can be kept for longer periods for teaching and research
What are the 4 types of tissue?
Epithelial, nervous, muscle and connective tissue
Epithelial tissue
Epithelial tissue covers and protects the body surface, lines cavities, transports substances into or out of the body (or organs), and forms many glands. The cells in epithelial tissue are usually arranged in one or more layers, very close together and with very little extracellular matrix.
Connective tissue
Connective tissue supports the body by holding parts together, transporting substances through the body and protecting the body from foreign invaders. The cells in connective tissue are relaticvely far apart with large quantities of matrix surrounding the cells.
Nervous tissue
Nervous tissue is the most complex tissue. Nervous tissue provides communication between various parts of the body and integrates activities between them. This type of tissue is able to generate complex messages to control and coordinate most functions of the body. Contains many cell types including neurons (conducting cells) and neuroglia (support cells)
Muscle tissue
Muscle tissue produces movement of the body and its parts, and movement of organs. Muscle cells are contractile and produce movement by shortening. Muscle tissue is also responsible for producing most of the heat of the body.
Feedback
When the controlled variable moves too far from the set point in homeostasis and the body responds in an attempt to move the variable back to normal
This is an unconscious response i.e. it just occurs
Feedforward
Feedforward occurs in anticipation of an event that will alter a controlled variable.
This might be a conscious or unconscious action to minimise the effect of the event occurring.
Coronal (frontal plane)
The plane running vertically through the body separating it into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.
Directional term - coronally (frontally)
Plane is orientated parallel to long axis
Supine
Face up (remember sUPine)
Prone
Face down
Median plane
The median plane (also mid-sagittal plane) used to describe the sagittal plane as it bisects the body vertically through the midline, dividing the body exactly in left and right side. This is the only way to see the spinal cord in even parts.
Cranial
Towards the head
Caudal
Towards the tail (coccyx)
Lateral flexion
Occurs when your vertebral column bends to the side
Rotation vs circumduction
Rotation is circular motion in which a limb rotates on an axis whereas circumduction is circular motion in which the limb traces out the shape of a cone.
Medial rotation
Inward/internal rotation
The anterior surface of a limb turns towards the midline of the body
Lateral rotation
Outward/external rotation
Anterior surface of a limb rotates away from the midline of the body
Forearm rotation
The proximal radio-ulnar joint permits rotation of the head of the radius i.e. pronation and supination
Tissue
Collections of similar cells and cell products that perform a limited number of specialised suctions
Why is the anatomical position important?
Because bodies can change orientation with respect to their environment therefore it is important that anatomical terms of location refer to the organism when it is in the standard anatomical position to allow for effective descriptions of the human body.
Describe flexion and extension in the knee
Knee flexion is the bending of the knee to bring the foot toward the posterior thigh, and extension is the straightening of the knee.
Eversion
Movement at the joints of the foot so the sole faces laterally (the sole of the foot turns away from the midline)
Examples of nervous tissue
Examples in the body: Tissue of the brain and spinal cord, nerves and sensory organs
Examples of epithelial tissue
Examples in the body: Outer layer of skin, the lining of the respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive tracts, and glands of the body (pancreas, salivary and adrenal)
Examples of muscle tissue
Examples in the body: Muscles of the limbs and trunk, muscles in the wall of hollow organs (stomach, intestines), and heart muscle
Examples of connective tissue
Examples in the body: Bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, adipose (fat) and blood
Rotation
The turning of a bone at the joint, around its long axis. This movement in the transverse plane.
Rotation is a pivot motion. This pivoting of a joint occurs in the transverse plane.
What does the lack of rotation in lower limbs tell us?
Shows us that the lower limbs are more for stability.
When you pronate and supinate the forearm….what happens to the radius relative to the ulna in full pronation and in full supination?
In full pronation, the radius rotates of the ulna (the ulna is fixed in its position)
In full supination, the radius and the ulna are parallel
