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human body 191 > Lecture 1 and 2 terms > Flashcards

Lecture 1 and 2 terms Flashcards

1
Q

Abduction

A

The movement away from the median plane i.e. a lateral movement, opposite of adduction. This movement is in the coronal plane.

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2
Q

Adduction

A

Movement towards the mid-line of the body. The reverse of abduction.This movement is in the coronal plane.

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3
Q

Anatomical position

A

Standing upright, looking straight ahead with the palms of the hands facing forward and the feet together. The position of reference for all anatomical descriptions.

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4
Q

Anterior (or ventral)

A

Towards the front. Opposite of posterior.

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5
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

The skeleton of the appendages (limbs).

Consists of 126 bones.

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6
Q

Axial skeleton

A

The axial skeleton is the part of the skeleton that consists of the bones of the head and trunk of a vertebrate. Consists of 80 bones.

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7
Q

Arm

A

The part of the upper limb between the shoulder and elbow joints.

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8
Q

Circumduction

A

The circular movement of a limb produced by a combination of abduction, adduction, extension and flexion. Circumduction should be distinguished from rotation which is turning around central axis.

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9
Q

Deep

A

In anatomy, used to describe structures

further from the surface. Opposite of superficial.

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10
Q

Distal

A

Further from the trunk, in relation to the anatomical position. Opposite of proximal.

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11
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

The movement of the ankle as the dorsum of the foot is elevated. Opposite of plantarflexion.

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12
Q

Extension

A

The reverse of flexion at a joint, usually straightening of a flexed joint.

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13
Q

Flexion

A

Bending of a joint usually so that the fleshy surfaces of the limb come into contact. Flexion is the opposite of extension.

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14
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of the internal environment of the body within a set range, essential for the optimal functioning of the body cells and tissues e.g. the pH of plasma is maintained within 7.35 to 7.45.

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15
Q

Hyperextension

A

Extension beyond the anatomical

position.

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16
Q

Inferior

A

Towards the feet. Opposite of superior.

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17
Q

Inversion

A

Movement of the joints of the foot so the sole faces medially.

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18
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the median plane. Opposite of medial.

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19
Q

Medial

A

Closer to the median plane. Opposite of lateral.

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20
Q

Opposition

A

Opposition is the movement of the thumb that moves it at the palm of the hand to the tip of any finger. This is a special movement as it allows for the grasping and manipulation of objects.

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21
Q

Plantarflexion

A

Movement of the ankle such as occurs when standing on the toes. Opposite of dorsiflexion.

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22
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

Towards the back. Opposite of anterior.

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23
Q

Pronation

A

Turning the hand while in the anatomical position so the palm is facing backwards. The reverse of supination.

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24
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the trunk, in relation to the anatomical position. Opposite of distal.

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25
Q

Sagittal

A

The plane running vertically through the body, separating it into left and right parts.

Directional term- Sagittally
Plane is orientated parallel to long axis

26
Q

Superficial

A

In gross anatomy, used to describe structures close to the surface. Opposite of deep.

27
Q

Superior

A

Towards the head. Opposite of inferior.

28
Q

Supination

A

Turning the hand into the anatomical position so the palm is facing forwards. The opposite of pronation.

29
Q

Transverse

A

The plane running horizontally through the body or a limb separating it into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts.

Directional term - transversely (horizontally)
Plane is orientated perpendicular to long axis

Note - a cut in this plane is also called a cross-section

30
Q

Trunk

A

General term for the thorax (chest), abdomen and pelvis.

31
Q

What is the human tissue act for? When was the most recent update?

A

Regulates the removal, storage and use of human tissue. This act is specifically for using donated bodies or body parts for research and teaching.
Most recent update of the act in 2008

32
Q

What are the conditions for the Human Tissue Act?

A
  1. Voluntary donation of bodies - Bodies come from bequests, not condemned criminals or unclaimed bodies.
  2. Requires dual signed consent by the donor and an immediate family member - (Informed consent - people whilst alive made the free choice to donate their bodies)
  3. Most bodies are held for approximately 18 months, however body parts can be kept for longer periods for teaching and research
33
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue?

A

Epithelial, nervous, muscle and connective tissue

34
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Epithelial tissue covers and protects the body surface, lines cavities, transports substances into or out of the body (or organs), and forms many glands. The cells in epithelial tissue are usually arranged in one or more layers, very close together and with very little extracellular matrix.

35
Q

Connective tissue

A

Connective tissue supports the body by holding parts together, transporting substances through the body and protecting the body from foreign invaders. The cells in connective tissue are relaticvely far apart with large quantities of matrix surrounding the cells.

36
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Nervous tissue is the most complex tissue. Nervous tissue provides communication between various parts of the body and integrates activities between them. This type of tissue is able to generate complex messages to control and coordinate most functions of the body. Contains many cell types including neurons (conducting cells) and neuroglia (support cells)

37
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Muscle tissue produces movement of the body and its parts, and movement of organs. Muscle cells are contractile and produce movement by shortening. Muscle tissue is also responsible for producing most of the heat of the body.

38
Q

Feedback

A

When the controlled variable moves too far from the set point in homeostasis and the body responds in an attempt to move the variable back to normal
This is an unconscious response i.e. it just occurs

39
Q

Feedforward

A

Feedforward occurs in anticipation of an event that will alter a controlled variable.
This might be a conscious or unconscious action to minimise the effect of the event occurring.

40
Q

Coronal (frontal plane)

A

The plane running vertically through the body separating it into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.

Directional term - coronally (frontally)
Plane is orientated parallel to long axis

41
Q

Supine

A

Face up (remember sUPine)

42
Q

Prone

A

Face down

43
Q

Median plane

A

The median plane (also mid-sagittal plane) used to describe the sagittal plane as it bisects the body vertically through the midline, dividing the body exactly in left and right side. This is the only way to see the spinal cord in even parts.

44
Q

Cranial

A

Towards the head

45
Q

Caudal

A

Towards the tail (coccyx)

46
Q

Lateral flexion

A

Occurs when your vertebral column bends to the side

47
Q

Rotation vs circumduction

A

Rotation is circular motion in which a limb rotates on an axis whereas circumduction is circular motion in which the limb traces out the shape of a cone.

48
Q

Medial rotation

A

Inward/internal rotation

The anterior surface of a limb turns towards the midline of the body

49
Q

Lateral rotation

A

Outward/external rotation

Anterior surface of a limb rotates away from the midline of the body

50
Q

Forearm rotation

A

The proximal radio-ulnar joint permits rotation of the head of the radius i.e. pronation and supination

51
Q

Tissue

A

Collections of similar cells and cell products that perform a limited number of specialised suctions

52
Q

Why is the anatomical position important?

A

Because bodies can change orientation with respect to their environment therefore it is important that anatomical terms of location refer to the organism when it is in the standard anatomical position to allow for effective descriptions of the human body.

53
Q

Describe flexion and extension in the knee

A

Knee flexion is the bending of the knee to bring the foot toward the posterior thigh, and extension is the straightening of the knee.

54
Q

Eversion

A

Movement at the joints of the foot so the sole faces laterally (the sole of the foot turns away from the midline)

55
Q

Examples of nervous tissue

A

Examples in the body: Tissue of the brain and spinal cord, nerves and sensory organs

56
Q

Examples of epithelial tissue

A

Examples in the body: Outer layer of skin, the lining of the respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive tracts, and glands of the body (pancreas, salivary and adrenal)

57
Q

Examples of muscle tissue

A

Examples in the body: Muscles of the limbs and trunk, muscles in the wall of hollow organs (stomach, intestines), and heart muscle

58
Q

Examples of connective tissue

A

Examples in the body: Bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, adipose (fat) and blood

59
Q

Rotation

A

The turning of a bone at the joint, around its long axis. This movement in the transverse plane.

Rotation is a pivot motion. This pivoting of a joint occurs in the transverse plane.

60
Q

What does the lack of rotation in lower limbs tell us?

A

Shows us that the lower limbs are more for stability.

61
Q

When you pronate and supinate the forearm….what happens to the radius relative to the ulna in full pronation and in full supination?

A

In full pronation, the radius rotates of the ulna (the ulna is fixed in its position)

In full supination, the radius and the ulna are parallel

human body 191 (30 decks)

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