lecture 1 anatomy review Flashcards by brianna larison

what is midaxillary line

vertical line down side of body, passing through center of axillary region, line down from armpit

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what is anterior axillary line

vertical line parallel to midaxillary, more towards front of body towards nipple

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what is posterior axillary line

vertical line parallel to midaxillary, line towards the back of the body

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what is medial

towards midline of body
ex. outer rib towards sternum

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what is lateral

away from midline
ex. ears are ___ to nose

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what is anterior

toward front of body
ex. knee caps

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what is posterior

toward back of body
ex. shoulder blades

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what is superior

towards head
ex. nose is ___ to your mouth

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what is inferior

towards feet
ex. feet are ___ to the head

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what is proximal

towards body or point of attachment
ex. shoulder is ___ to elbow or knee is ___ to ankle

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what is distal

away from body or point of attachment
ex. fingers are ___ to wrist or hand is ___ to elbow

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what is superficial

towards surface of body
ex. skin is ___ to muscles

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what is deep

inside of the body, away from the surface
ex. brain is ___ to skull

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what is supine

body on its back

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what is prone

body on its front
face down

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what is ipsilateral

relating to the same side
ex. left arm and left leg

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what is contralateral

relating to opposite position
ex. left side of the brain controls the right side motor control

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what is caudal

below in relation to another structure
ex. feet are ___ to the waist

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what is cephalic

above in relation to another structure
ex. collarbone is ___ to sternum

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what is recurvation

bending backwards
ex. knee hyperextension

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what is valgus

outward angulation of distal segment of bone or joint
ex. knock knees, outward curve

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what is varus

inward angulation of distal segment of bone or joint
ex. bowlegs , inward curve

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what are the 3 planes of motion

sagittal, frontal, and transverse

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what is another term for sagittal plane

anteroposterior plane

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where does the sagittal plane disect

left and right sides

what are common motions of sagittal plane

flexion and extension

what is another term for frontal plane

coronal or lateral

where does frontal plane disect

front and back (ventral and dorsal)

what are the common motions of frontal place

adduction and abduction

what is another term for transverse plane

axial or horizontal

where does transverse plane disect

top and bottom halves (superior and inferior)

what are the common motions of transverse plane

rotational

at what angle does a joint move or turn

90 degree

what is an axis

point of movement in a given plane

what are the 3 axes of rotation

medial lateral , anterior posterior, vertical

where is the medial lateral axis of rotation

frontal

where does the medial lateral rotation perpendicular to

sagittal plane

where is the anterior posterior axis of rotation

saggital

where does the anterior posterior run perpendicular to

frontal plane

what is another term for vertical axis

longitudinal axis

where does the vertical plane run perpendicular to

transverse plane

how is the vertical axis motion completes

rotating around the spinal column ex. looking backwards with your body straight

what is another term for diagonal axis

oblique axis

where does the diagonal axis run

at a right angle to diagonal plane

what are the 2 sections of osteology

axial and appendicular

what is included in axial region

skull, spinal column, sternum, and ribs

what is included in the appendicular region

bones of limbs, upper and lower

why is pelvis apart of appendicular region

due to role of linking axial to lower extremities

what are the functions of skeletal system

protect vital organs and soft tissues posture movement mineral storage hemopoiesis

what is hemopoiesis

red blood celll formation in red bone marrow

what is the purpose of long bones

serves as levers

what is the purpose of short bones

serves for shock absorption

what is the purpose of flat bones

serves protection

what is the purpose of irregular bones

serves mixed roles

what percent is the bone weight is calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate

60-70%

what percent of bones are water

25-30%

what is the purpose of collagen

flexibility, strength, and tension resistance

what are the 2 types of bones

cancellous (spongy) and cortical (impact)

where is cancellous bone located and what can it withstand

located underneath surface and withstand strain before breaking

what does cortical bones cover and what can it withstand

covers the outer surface and can withstand stress

what is Wolff's law

bone will adapt to load placed on it if bone undergoes stress, it will remodel to become stronger if bone is not used, bone will atrophy and become weaker

what are the three types of joints

synarthrodial, amphiarthrodial, and diarthrodial

what is the synarthrodial joint

immovable fibrous suture that absorbs energy with impacts but does not permit movement ex. suture in the skull

what is the amphiarthrodial joint

slightly moveable that allows slight amount of motion to occur with 3 different types of amphiarthrodial ex. vertebrates

what are the 3 types of amphiarthrodial

syndesmosis, symphysis, synchrondrosis

what is syndesmosis

2 bones joined together by strong ligament that allows minimal movement between bones ex. fibrous CT

what is symphysis

joint separated by fibrocartilage pad that allows very slight movement between bones ex. intervertebral discs

what is synchrondrosis

joint separated by hyaline cartilage that allows very slight movement between bones ex. between clavicle and sternum

what is diarthrodial

freely movable synovial joint

what are the 6 classes of diarthrodial joint

ball and socket hinge saddle pivot gliding elliposoid

what is the ball and socket joint

movement in all planes shoulders and hips

what is the hinge joint

wide range of movement in one plane elbow, ankle, knee

what is the saddle joint

only in thumb and carpometacarpel joint allow ball and socket movement

what is pivot joint

permits rotational movement around long axis rotation of radius at radioulnar joint

with increase joint mobility leads to ___

decrease joint stability

what is ellipsoid joint

movement in 2 planes without rotation wrist and proximal row of carpal bones

with increase joint stability leads to ___

decrease joint mobility

what are the general joint movements

abduction and adduction flexion and extension circumduction external and internal rotation

what are the ankle and foot general movements

eversion and inversion dorsiflexion and plantar flexion supination and pronation (arm movement)