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Cardiovascular & Pulmonary > Lecture 1- Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Lecture 1- Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

In the L thoracic cavity

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2
Q

Where is the base of the heart located?

A

It is located superiorly between the 2nd and 3rd rib

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3
Q

Where is the Apex located?

A

It is located inferiorly on the level of the 5th rib

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4
Q

What plane does the Right Ventricle occupy?

A

Frontal plane

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5
Q

It is located in the area of the 2nd ICS and angle of Louis

A

Right Atrium

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6
Q

It is a bump that demarcates manubrium from body of sternum

A

Angle of Louis

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7
Q

It is lateral and slightly below the angle of Louis and an important auscultatory landmark

A

2nd ICS

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8
Q

Auscultation point that is at the right of the sternum and on the 2nd ICS

A

Aortic

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9
Q

Auscultation point that is at the left of the sternum and on the 2nd ICS

A

Pulmonic

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10
Q

Left and on the 4th ICS

A

Tricuspid Valve

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11
Q
  • On the Left and level of 5th ICS
  • Point of maximal impluse
A

Mitral Valve

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12
Q

Striated, a syncytium or syncytial

A

Heart tissue

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13
Q

Oblong like structures

A

Intercalated disc

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14
Q

Pacemaker of the heart

A

Sinoatrial Node

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15
Q

Has more positive ion

A

Extracellular

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16
Q

Has more negative ion

A

Intracellular

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17
Q
  • It stops or regulates the Ca+ from entering
  • Used for hypertension
A

Calcium channel blockers

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18
Q

It is a double walled sac outermost layer of the heart

A

Pericardium

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19
Q

Outer tough fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue

A

Parietal Pericardium

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20
Q

Acts as a protective sac for the heart

A

Visceral Pericardium

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21
Q

Lubricant that allows the two surfaces to slide past one another

A

Pericardial fluid

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22
Q

It is an infection with resultant inflammation of the pericardium

A

Pericarditis

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23
Q

Compression of the heart cause by fluid build-up in the space between the myocardium and pericardium

A

Cardiac Tamponade

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24
Q
  • It is the middle of the heart
  • It facilitiates the pumping action of the heart to move blood to the entire body
A

Myocardium

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25
Q

It is the alterations in the muscular wall of the heart

A

Cardiomyopathies

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26
Q

Is evidence by ventricular dilation and altered cardiac muscle contractile function

A

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

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27
Q

Inflammaton of the heart muscle

A

Myocarditis

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28
Q

Presents as diastolic dysfunction with an increased ventricular mass

A

Hyperthrophic Cardiomyopathy

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29
Q

Presents as diastolic dysfunction owing to the presence of excessively rigid ventricular walls, resulting in decrease compliance

A

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

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30
Q

Innermost layer of the heart
The tissue forms the inner lining of the chambers of the heart

A

Endocardium

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31
Q

Infections to the endocardium are at risk for ?

A

Valvular dysfunction

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32
Q

Originates in the sinus of valsalva located in the wall of the aorta neart the aortic valve

A

Coronary Arteries

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33
Q

Originates from the area near the right aortic leaflet

A

Right coronary

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34
Q

Originates from the area near the left aortic leaflet

A

Left Coronary

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35
Q

Begins at the left main and branches into the left anterior descending and circumflex

A

Left Coronary Artery

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36
Q
  • May also have branches known as marginal branches
  • Suppy the lateral and part of the inferior surface of the Left ventricle and portions od the Left Atrium
A

Circumflex

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37
Q

Supply the anterior and apical surfaces of the Left Ventricle, as well as portions of the interventricular septum

A

Left anterior descendingCA

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38
Q

Supplies the Right Atrium, most of the Right Ventricle, part of the inferior wall of the left Ventricle, portions of the interventricular septum and conduction system

A

Right Coronary Artery

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39
Q

Most commonly a branch of the RCA and perfuses the posterior heart

A

Posterior Descending artery

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40
Q

It is the inner diameter of the arteries through which blood flows

A

Lumen

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41
Q

Increase in lumenal diameter (smooth muscle relaxation)

A

Vasodilation

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42
Q

Decreased in lumenal diameter (smooth muscle contraction)

A

Vasoconstriction

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43
Q

Most common vasodilator and used for angina

A

Nitroglycerin

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44
Q

Most common vasospasm of coronary artery

A

Angina

45
Q
  • Lining of the coronary artery that is in direct contact with the lumen
  • Plays the central role in controlling the biology of the vessel wall
A

Endothelium

46
Q

Name the important function of the endothelium

A
  • Anti-inflammatory actions
  • Antithrombotic activity
  • Vasodilation
47
Q

It facilitates vascular smooth muscle relaxation

A

Endothelial-derived relaxing factor (EDRF)

48
Q

Most prevalent EDRF

A

Nitric Oxide

49
Q

What does injury to endothelium do?

A

Impairs NO release and decreases vasodilation

50
Q

Factors that influence NO release

A
  • Acetycholine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Serotonin
  • Adenosine
  • Diphosephate
  • Bradykinin
  • Histamine
51
Q

It is the narrowing of the coronary artery resulting from smooth muscle contraction within the walls of the artery

A

Coronary Spasm

52
Q

Where does coronary spasm occur?

A

In arteries that have endothelial injury and arteries that exhibit hyperreactivity to vasoconstrictor stimuli

53
Q

It is a valve that is positioned between Right Atrium and Right Ventricle

A

Tricuspid Valve

54
Q

Left atrioventricular valve that is located beween the left atrium and ventricle

A

Mitral Valve

55
Q

Located between the ventricles and arteries

A

Semilunar valves

56
Q
  • It is located on the right side in association with the pulmonary artery
  • Carries deoxygenated blood
A

Pulmonic Valve

57
Q
  • Located on the left side relating to the aorta
  • Carries oxygenated blood
A

Aortic valve

58
Q
  • It guards the heart valve openings
  • It is attached to the papillary muscles of the myocardium by chordae tendinae
A

Leaflets or Cusps

59
Q

Its has 3 cusps

A

Right Atrioventricular Valves / Tricuspid

60
Q

It has 2 cusps

A

Left Atrioventricular valves / Bicuspid

61
Q

Heart strings

A

Chordae Tendinae

62
Q

It prevents the backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction or systole

A

Atrioventricular valves

63
Q

Prevents the backflow of blood from aorta and pulmonary artery in to the ventricles during diastole

A

Semilunar Valves

64
Q

It is define by the presence of normal heart sounds, S1 and S2.
It is the flow of blood and the different mechanics within the heart from one heartbeat to another heartbeart

A

Cardiac cycle

65
Q

It is associated with valvular closings

A

Heart sounds

66
Q

Atrioventricular, mitral, and tricuspid valve closure

A

S1 heart sound

67
Q

Semilunar, aortic, and pulmonic valve closure

A

S2 heart sound

68
Q

It is the contraction phase and occurs between S1 and S2

A

Systole

69
Q

It is the filling phase. Ventricles fill with blood from atria via open atriventricular valves

A

Diastole

70
Q

Period of rapid filling ventricles

A

First third of diastole

71
Q

Small amount of blood normally flows into the ventricles, directly from the atria

A

Middle third of diastole

72
Q

Atria contracts and give an additional thrust to the inflow of blood into the ventricles

A

Last third of diastole

73
Q

Atrial depolarization + contracting of atrium

A

P wave

74
Q

ventricular depolarization + contraction of aortic or pulmonary

A

QRS wave

75
Q
  • Initial ventricular repolarization + interval between repolarization and depolarization
A

ST wave

76
Q

Receptors of the heart that are primarily beta-adrenergic receptors and are located on the sinus node and within the myocardium

A

Sympathetic receptors

77
Q

It causes the blood vessels to dilate and stimulates

A

Beta-adrenergic receptors

78
Q

Stimulation of these receptors on the peripheral blood vessels causes vasoconstriction and an increase in peripheral vascular resistance

A

Alpha-adrenergic receptors

79
Q

It is released as part of the normal exercises responses especially when exercise is continued beyond a few minutes. The increase in heart rate and contractility is due to this hormonal influence

A

Epinephrine

80
Q

The amount of blood that the left ventricle pumps out

A

Stroke voulme

81
Q

It mimics the action of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Sympathomimetic

82
Q

Suppresses sympathetic functioning

A

Sympatholytic

83
Q

Frequently used as a sympathomimetic

A
  • Dopamine
  • Epinephrine
  • Atropine
84
Q

Suffix for beta blockers

A

Olol-

85
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation results in what?

A
  • Depression of heart rate
  • Decreased force of atrial contraction
  • Decreased speed of conduction through the atrioventricular node
86
Q

What are the goals of the heart?

A
  • To provide adequate CO to generate energy to meet the metabolic demands of the body
  • Must be able to adapt to the changing systemic energy demands, as well as to its own myocardial oxygen needs
87
Q

What is the amount of blood that leaves the ventricles per minute

A

Cardiac output

88
Q

What are the factors that can influence Cardiac Output?

A
  • Heart rate (bpm)
  • Stroke volume (mL/min)
89
Q

It is the volume of the blood ejected with each myocardial contraction

A

Stroke Volume

90
Q

What influences the stroke volume?

A
  • Preload aka left ventricle
  • Contractility
  • Afterload
91
Q

It is the amount of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole

A

Preload aka left ventricle

92
Q

Ability of the ventricle to contract

A

Contractility

93
Q

A force the Left Ventricle must generate during systole to open the aortic valve and overcome aortic pressure

A

Afterload

94
Q

What happens during diastole?

A

The ventricles must be compliant and able to stretch to accommodate the blood entering the ventricles

95
Q

What happens during systole?

A

The ventricles must be able to contract adequately to eject the stroke volume

96
Q

It is a small, flattened, ellipsoidal strip of specialized cardia muscle about 3 mm wide, 15 mm long, and 1 mm thick
AKA pacemaker of the heart

A

Sinoatrial node

97
Q

Where is the sinoatrial node located?

A

Located in the superior posterolateral wall of the right atrium immediately below and slightly lateral to the opening of the superior vena cava

98
Q

It delays cardiac impulse to allow time for the atria to empty their blood into the ventricles before ventricular contraction begins

A

Atrioventicular Node

99
Q

Where is the AV node located?

A

Posterior wall of the right atrium immediately behind the tricuspid valve

100
Q

What prevents the action potential to travel backwards from the ventricles to the atria

A

Atrioventricular bundle

101
Q

What depends on the delivery of oxygented blood through the coronary arteries and the ability of the mycardial cells to extract oxygen from the arterial blood?

A

Myocardial Oxygen Supply

102
Q

The energy cost to the myocardium

A

Myocardial oxygen demand

103
Q

How do you calculate for the myocardial oxygen demand? (MVO2)

A

Heart rate x Systolic blood pressure = Rate pressure product or double product

104
Q

What happens during exercise? (MVO2)

A
  • Increase in oxygen demand
  • Increase in the energy cost of the heart
  • Very little increase of the extraction rate done by the heart from its blood supply
105
Q

It is the main mechanism for increasing myocardial oxygen supply during times of increased demand

A

Coronary Blood flow

106
Q
  • Has low potassium (usually less than 3.5 mRq/L)
  • Produces arrythmias with flattened T waves and depressed ST segments
  • Bilateral lower extremity muscle cramping
A

Hypokalemia

107
Q
  • Low blood serum calcium levels
A

Hypocalcemia

108
Q

Low magnesium in blood

A

Hypomagnesemia

Cardiovascular & Pulmonary (1 decks)

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