Lecture 1: Altered Cellular & Tissue Biology

Question 1

Disease

Answer 1

The failure to maintain homeostatic conditions.

Question 2

Etiology

Answer 2

The cause of disease.

Question 3

Pathogenesis

Answer 3

Sequence of events in the development of disease.

Question 4

Pathophysiology

Answer 4

Study of functional & structural changes caused by disease.

Question 5

Inherited (hereditary)

Answer 5

Due to a genetic defect, transmitted from parent.

Question 6

Congenital

Answer 6

Present at birth, occurs during intrauterine life.

Question 7

Acquired

Answer 7

Developed during lifetime.

Question 8

Multi-factorial

Answer 8

More than one factor.

Question 9

Idiopathic

Answer 9

Not understood / unknown cause.

Question 10

Iatrogenic

Answer 10

Treatment-induced

Question 11

Infectious

Answer 11

Due to a microorganism (bacterial, viral, fungal) or parasite (internal or external)

Question 12

Degenerative

Answer 12

Progressive loss of normal structure and function.

Question 13

Immunologic

Answer 13

Abnormal immune response.

Question 14

Metabolic

Answer 14

Abnormal body chemistry.

Question 15

Nutritional

Answer 15

Abnormal dietary intake or nutrient use.

Question 16

Psychogenic

Answer 16

Related to psychological state.

Question 17

Homeostasis

Answer 17

Maintenance of a relatively constant physiologic range.

Question 18

Physiologic Stress

Answer 18

External or internal condition(s) that challenge the homeostasis of a cell/organism.

Question 19

Allostasis

Answer 19

Process by which the body responds to stressors in order to regain homeostasis.

General adaptation syndrome (GAS) consists of 3 phases:

1. Alarm phase
2. Resistance phase
3. Exhaustion phase

Question 20

Cellular Adaptation

Answer 20

• Intrinsic ability to avoid injury and maintain homeostasis.
• Reversible if stressor is removed.
• Often only temporarily successful, can lead to cell death.

Question 21

Atrophy

Answer 21

Decrease in cell size.

Question 22

Hypertrophy

Answer 22

Increase in cell size.

Question 23

Hyperplasia

Answer 23

Increase in cell number.

Question 24

Metaplasia

Answer 24

Replacement of one cell type for another.

Question 25

Dysplasia

Answer 25

“Atypical” hyperplasia

Question 26

Atrophy

Answer 26

Decreased cell size and subsequently the associated organ has diminished function.

Question 27

Hypertrophy

Answer 27

Increase in cell size, NOT number of cells. Causes: 1. Increased functional demand. 2. Specific hormonal stimulation. Most common in renal (kidney) and cardiac (heart) tissues.

Question 28

Hyperplasia

Answer 28

Increase in number of cells, NOT size. 3 subtypes: 1. Compensatory: enables organs to regenerate. 2. Hormonal: In response to endocrine hormonal stimulation. 3. Pathologic: Excess hormones or growth factors.