Lecture 1 Flashcards by Sara Richmond

________________
Regulatory molecules produced in specific cells
and transported by the bloodstream, that
influence distal targets

Endocrine Hormones

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______________ are typically slow.
- typically long-distance chemical messengers
- carried to distant target tissues by the blood
- typically regulate processes that require duration
rather than speed (reproduction, metabolism, water
and electrolyte balance, growth).

Endocrine processes

typically long-distance chemical messengers
carried to distant target tissues by the blood
typically regulate processes that require duration
rather than speed (reproduction, metabolism, water
and electrolyte balance, growth).

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__________________ – delivered by a duct instead of the circulation

Exocrine

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____________ – messengers released into the interstitial space

Paracrine

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________ – messenger feeds back on the cells that produce it

autocrine

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____________ – messengers released in very close proximity to targets

Synaptic

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___________: A relatively stable equilibrium maintained by physiological processes

homeostasis

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How does negative feedback maintain homeostasis?

Homeostatic range: dynamic but bounded

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___________ dynamic but bounded

Homeostatic range:

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__________ senses changes in temp

sensor

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___________ compares to set point

processor

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______________. makes homeostatic changes

effector

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Blood glucose is a negative feedback loop regulated by ______________

insulin and glucagon

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___________ decreases blood glucose

insulin

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_____________ increases blood glucose

glucagon

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Clinical significance: insulin production or function is

compromised in ________

diabetes

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Clinical significance: compromised glucagon production or function leads to __________

hypoglycemia

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Hormones maintain ____________

Impaired homeostatic regulation has clinical significance

homeostasis

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__________sensor, processor, effector

Hypothalamus:

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__________: sensor and effector

Pituitary

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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
• Primary hormones are LH, FSH, ACTH,
TSH, GH, PRL
• No innervation by hypothalamus
• Instead pituitary cells are sensitive to
hormones from the hypothalamus are
delivered by a system of blood vessels,
the hypophyseal portal system

Anterior pituitary (Pars distalis)

The anterior petituitary is ___________ by hypothalamus

not innervated

How are pituitary cells of the anterior pituitary receive information from hypothalamus

a system of blood vessels,

the hypophyseal portal system

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
• Primary hormones are oxytocin (OT) &
vasopressin (VP)
• Released at neurovascular junctions in
pars nervosa

Posterior pituitary (Pars nervosa)

The Posterior pituitary (Pars nervosa)has -____________- from hypothalamus

direct innervation | -Axons from hypothalamus which directly deliver hormone

What happens if you remove the ovaries

LH and FSH will go up

What happens if you replace ovarian steroids?

- LH and FSH go back down

Ovarian steroids exert

negative feedback

Hormones can act

locally and in far away tissues

2 hormone classes

Steroid Hormones | Peptide/Glycoprotein Hormones

Steroid Hormones are Derived from ____________

cholesterol

Steroid Hormones are __________ – no need for release or secretion

Lipophilic

Steroid Hormones can be converted into other steroids. Production depends on_________ in endocrine tissues

steroidogenic enzymes

____________ are Short protein hormones, Typically have a short half-life, Release can be regulated

Peptide/Glycoprotein Hormones

Peptide/Glycoprotein Hormone Production depends on ______________

expression of the peptides themselves

during the production of steroid hormones Each arrow is a chemical reaction catalyzed by one or more

enzymes (proteins) encoded by a gene

Three categories of Steroid Hormones

- progestins - androgens - estrogens

___________ first class made by cholestrol

progesterone

``` ___________second class made by cholesterol ex- testosteron ```

androgens

``` ___________ third class made by cholesterol ex-estrone ```

estrogens

Progestrone, androgens, estrogens all have their own

receptors

Cholesterol is a _________ that can create various molecules

source molecule

How are lipophilic steroids carried through the blood?

carried proteins | ex- albumen and SHBG

How much of testosterone is free

1/2% to 3%

What makes up the bioavailable testosterone

free and albumen bound

what is unavailable testosterone

SHBG bound testosterone

male and female testosterone differences

Not only do females have less testosterone, but they also have more unavailable (SHBG bound) testosterone

Steroid receptors are in _________ superfamily

nuclear receptor

Steroid receptors are nuclear receptor transcription factors

_________

Ligand-dependent changes in transcription are

generally slow

___________ Example: Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) • 10 amino acids, synthesized in the hypothalamus • Controls release of gonadotropins (LH and FSH) from the anterior pituitary

Peptide Hormones

``` Peptide Hormones are ___________ • Made from gene product • Processed to its active form • released in pulsatile manner • Very short half-life (minutes) ```

Acutely regulated