Lecture 1 Flashcards
Legend Drug
Drug that requires a prescription from a licensed provider (can be controlled or non-controlled)
Behind the Counter (BTC)
Do not need prescription, kept in pharmacy, sales are limited by quantity
Over the Counter (OTC)
Non-prescription, homeopathic (natural drugs that stimulate immunity) and dietary supplements (vitamins, minerals)
4 requirements Therapeutic Equivalence
- Drug contains same chemical entity, 2. Drug has same quantity of active ingredients, 3. Drug has same dosage form, 4. Drug has same route of administration.
4 Drug- Drug Interactions
- Addition
- Synergy
- Antagonism
- Potentiation
Addition
Combined effect of two drugs equal to the sum of the effects of each drug taken along
Synergy
Joint action of drugs in which combined effect is more intense of longer than the sum of effects of the drugs.
Antagonism
One drug works against the action of another drug
Potentiation
The effect of one drug is greatly increased or prolonged by the intake of another drug itself without notable effect.
Drug Disease
When a drug that is intended for therapeutic use causes harmful effects in the patient bc of a condition that the patient has. There are some diseases that alter the body’s ability to metabolize or break down a drug so it wont have intended effect
Drug disease that hinders decongestants?
Hypertension or diabetes
Drug disease that hinders first-generation calcium channel blockers?
Congestive heart failure
Drug disease that hinders aspirin?
Peptic Ulcer disease
Drug - Dietary Supplement Interaction
Herbal or dietary supplements develop interactions with prescription drugs (ex: warfarin interacts with 62% of supplements taken0
Drug-Nutrient Interaction (Drug - Food Interaction)
Patients nutrition impacts metabolism of various drugs (ex: warfarin or when drug is taken on empty stomach)
Drug - Laboratory Interaction
many prescription medications can have impact on laboratory testing (antibiotics, psychotropics, anti-hypertensives, hormones)
Contraindications
Diseases, symptoms, conditions for which the drug will not be beneficial and will do harm. Individuals who should not be given medication due to drug-drug interaction or other conditions that may conflict with the action of the drug.
Boxed Warning (Black Box warning)
Encased in bold border in manufacturers insert indicates proper use of drug to avoid serious side effects. Required on medications with high-risk for consumer.
Adverse effects
Unwanted effect of the medication even when administered correctly. (Unexpected effect that can occur in a clinical setting)
Drug allergy
Immune system reaction to drug, triggers reaction. Mediated by Immunoglobin E antibodies, typically causes symptoms in nose, lunge, throat or skin
Side-Effect
Can be predicted (unlike adverse effects) a secondary, unwanted response to the drug rather than primary therapeutic effect.
Narrow Therapeutic Index (NTI)
Small Differences in dose or blood concentration can lead to serious therapeutic failures and/or adverse drug reactions that are life threatening or result in persistent or significant disability or incapacity.
Drug Stability
Extent who which a drug substance or product retains (through period of storage and use) the same properties and characteristics that is processed at time of manufacturing.
Physical and Chemical Incompatibilities
Occurs between two of more drugs when combined in same syringe, tubing, or bottle
Physical Reaction between drugs
Visible changes, precipitation , color change, consistency change, gas production, opalescence
Chemical Reaction between drugs
Considered significant when more than 10% degradation of one or more of solututions components occur.
3 keys of Proper storage of medication
Security, safety, integrity
Prescription
Inside hospital, prescription is a “medication order” outside it is a “prescription”
Essential Elements of a prescription
Patient full name, date of prescription, Inscription (drug name, dose, quantities os ingredients), signa (patient directions for the label), number of refills or no refills, physician signature (handwritten), Indication whether generic is permitted.
