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Kine 542 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Biomechanics

A

the study of the structure and function of biological systems by means of the methods of mechanics
Uses engineering techniques to study biological systems.

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2
Q

Injury

A

The damages sustained by tissues of the body in response to physical trauma

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3
Q

Orthopedics

A

A branch of medicine dealing with correction of deformities of bones or muscles

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4
Q

Mechanics

A

France of science that deals with the effects of forces and energy on bodies

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5
Q

Mechanism

A

The fundamental physical process responsible for a given action, reaction, or result

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6
Q

Disease

A

A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal or plant, especially one that produces specific signs or symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury

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7
Q

Examples of Unintentional Injuries:

A 
Car accidents
Poisonings
Fires and Burns
Drug abuse
Falls
Drowning
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8
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of the incidence, distribution, and control of disease and injury in a given population

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9
Q

Types of epidemiology studies

A

Descriptive - Frequency and distribution

Analytical - Casual Relations

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10
Q

Intrinsic risk factors in Sports Injuries

A

Age
Flexibility
Previous Injury
Somatotyple

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11
Q

Causation in Sports injury

A

Intrinsic risk factors predisposes the athlete + Exposrues to extrinsic risk factors makes the athlete susceptible to an injury. Inciting event to a susceptible athlete = Injury

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12
Q

Prevention and control of injuries

A

Health and safety education
Prevention of hazard creation
Visual reminders

Sports Specific:
Equipment
Rules

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13
Q

Prevention and control of injuries

A

Health and safety education
Prevention of hazard creation
Visual reminders

Sports Specific:
Equipment
Rules

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14
Q

Kinematics

A

Measurement of description of movement

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15
Q

Forms of Movement

A

Linear (ie translation)
Angular (ie rotation)
General (combination of above two)

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16
Q

Linear Motion

A

All points on the body move in the same direction, at the same time for the same distance

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17
Q

Types of Linear Motion

A

Rectilinear - straight line

Curvilinear - curved line

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18
Q

Angular movement

A

All point on the body move through the same ankle around the same acid of rotation

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19
Q

General Motion

A

Is combination of angular and Linear motion and is the most common, think ACL tear - femoral/tibial translation with or without plant and femoral rotation

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20
Q

Time

A

Duration of a articular event ^t

Injury implication - bone fractures vary depending on amount of force applied and duration of application

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21
Q

Position

A

orientation of the whole body or a segment of the body

Quality of description: knees are bent
Quantitative description: elbow flexed at 45*

Injury implication: injuries to the neck depends on the angular position of the neck

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22
Q

Position

A

orientation of the whole body or a segment of the body

Quality of description: knees are bent
Quantitative description: elbow flexed at 45*

Injury implication: injuries to the neck depends on the angular position of the neck

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23
Q

Spacial reference System

A

A fixed or inertial system of references

One dimension = on a line only one number is needed

Two dimensional = on a plane needs two coordinates

Three dimensiona = in space needs three coordiates

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24
Q

Polar Coordinate System

A

a two-dimensional coordinate system in which each point on a plane is determined by a distance from a reference point and an angle from a reference direction.

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25
Q

Pole

A

Reference point or origin of a point on a plane in the Polar Coordiate System

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26
Q

Ray

A

and the angle is called the angular coordinate, polar angle, or azimuth.[1] The radial coordinate is often denoted by r or ρ, and the angular coordinate by φ, θ, or t. Angles in polar notation are generally expressed in either degrees or radians (2π rad being equal to 360°).

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27
Q

Radial Coordinate

A

The distance from the pole; also called radial distance, simple radius

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28
Q

Radiacl coordinate

A

r or p

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29
Q

Angular coordinate

A

φ, θ, or t.

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30
Q

How iar angles in polar notation expressed?

A

Degrees or radians (2π rad being equal to 360°)

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31
Q

Displacement

A

Straight-line distance from starting point to ending point, or number of degrees/radians of rotation (vectors)

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32
Q

Injury implications of Displacement

A

Automobiles are designed with “crash zones” or “crumple zones” intended to displace a certain safe amount in oder to dissipate or absorb energy

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33
Q

Distance

A

The length of the entire moving trajectory covered by the motion (scalar)

34
Q

Relationship between Distance and displacement

A

Distance and displacement may be qual in value for a given moment

Distance may be greater than displacement but the reverse is never tur

35
Q

Distance and Displacement are measured in different units

A

False; both are measured in the same units of cm, me, km, yard

36
Q

Speed

A

Quantifies how fast an object is moving
The distance covered divided by the time taken to cover it
Speed = (distance)/(time)

37
Q

Velocity

A

Quantifies the rate of change in location for moving object

The displacement divided by the time taken

Velocity = (displacement)/(time)

38
Q

Injury implications of speed and velocity

A

projectile injuries

39
Q

Acceleration

A

The rate of change in velocity over time

A = ^V / ^t
A = V2-V1 / ^t
40
Q

Injury implications of acceleration

A

impact injuries

Brain concussive injures

41
Q

Distance linear equation

A

s= r x θ

42
Q

Velocity Linear equation

A

v = r x w

43
Q

What must angular quantities be expressed in?

A

Radians

44
Q

The linear quantity and radius must be in the same units of …

A

Length

45
Q

Kinetics

A

Study of forces and their effects

46
Q

Mass

A

Quantity of matter in kg

47
Q

Inertia

A

The tendency of mass to resist changing its stat e or rest or movement

48
Q

Injury implication of mass and inertia

A

Whiplash - head in motion tends to stay in motion while a torso movement is restated by seatbelt or seat itself

49
Q

Moment of inertia (I) is the resistance to …

A

angular acceleration

50
Q

The larger the mass =

A

the greater moment of inertia

51
Q

The moment of inertia is dependent on

A

additional factors such as the distribution of mass with respect to the acts of rotation

52
Q

For a single particle of mass, its moment of inertia is calculated as

A

I = m * r^2

Unit = kg*m^2

53
Q

Calculation of a moment of inertia for the entire body =

A

I = some of ( initial mass * initial radius ^2)

I = m1r1^2 + m2r2^2 + m3r3^2

54
Q

Calculation of a moment of inertia for the entire body =

A

I = some of ( initial mass * initial radius ^2)

I = m1r1^2 + m2r2^2 + m3r3^2

55
Q

Force

A

The mechanical action or edict applied to a body or produced by the body that tends to produce acceleration

Newtons (1 kgms^-2)

56
Q

What is the most fundamental element in injures?

A

Force

57
Q

Idealized force vector

A

A single force vector representing the net effect of distributed forces

58
Q

Internal Forces

A

Act within the object or system whose motion is being investigated

these forces do not produce motion to the system, but only the part it acts on

59
Q

External Forces

A

Act on objects as a result of interaction with the environment

These forces produce motion to the system

60
Q

Contact Forces

A

Forces that occur when two objects interacting with each other are physically in contact with each other

61
Q

Non-Contact Forces

A

A force that can be applied without any contact between two bodies is called non-contact force

I.e: gravitational force, magnetic force

62
Q

Graviational Force

A

Every object attracts every other object with a force directed along the line of centers of the two objects

The force is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the separation between the two objects

63
Q

Friction

A

Component of a contact force that acts parallel to the surface in contact

  • acts opposite to the motion or motion tendency
  • reflect interaction between molecules in contact
  • reflect forces “squeezing” surfaces together
  • Acts at the area of contact between two surfaces
64
Q

Static Friction

A

Surfaces not moving relative to each other

65
Q

Maximum static friction

A

F(m) = maximum amount of frication that can be generated between two static surfaces

66
Q

Maximum static friction

A

F(m) = maximum amount of frication that can be generated between two static surfaces

67
Q

Dynamic Friction

A

F(d) surfaces move relative to each other; constant magnitude friction during motion
Also know as Kinetic friction

Always less than maximum static friction

68
Q

Friction is determined by…

A

the frictional coefficient and normal force

F = uR

69
Q

Static Friction

A

a force that keeps an object at rest and must be overcome to start moving the object

70
Q

If a small amount of force is applied to an object, the static friction has _____ magnitude in the ______ direction

A

equal; opposite

71
Q

Friction force

A

Force that acts over the area ov contact between 2 surfaces

Acts in the direction opposite of motion

72
Q

Static friction opposes…

A

impending relative motion

73
Q

Dynamic friction opposes…

A

relative motion

74
Q

What prevents an object’s intention to move?

A

If the horizontal external force does not reach F(s, max), then F(s) is equal to the horizontal external force

75
Q

Two components of gravitational resistance force:

A

Normal Force: Perpendicular to the surface and opposes penetration

Tangential (Frictional) Force: along the surface and opposes sliding

76
Q

Center of Mass`

A

The center of mass is a position defined relative to an object or system of objects. It is the average position of all the parts of the system, weighted according to their masses.

77
Q

Where is the COM in the anatomical position

A

Near the waist
Males: 54-57% of height
Female: 53-56% of height

78
Q

Pressure

A

P = F/A. (N/m^2)
Force inc => Pressure Inc
Area Dec => Pressure Ince

79
Q

Torque

A

The effect of a force9s) that tends to cause rotation or twisting about an axis of rotation

Angular corollary to force M= F*d

80
Q

Concentric Torque

A

Went net torque are joint movement occur in the same direction

81
Q

Eccentric Torque

A

Torque in the direction opposite joint movement

Kine 542 (1 decks)

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