Lecture 1

Question 1

What are homogenetic associations

Answer 1

Associations between individuals of the same species which can lead to specializations such as division of labour within bees

Question 2

What are heterogenic associations

Answer 2

Complex associations between individuals of different species

Question 3

What are the categories of heterogenic associations

Answer 3

Commensalism, Mutualism and Parasitism

Question 4

What is symbiosis

Answer 4

The process of two individuals living together/ in close association

Question 5

What is Commensalism

Answer 5

“Together at the same table”

This is a loose association where one individual benefits whilst the other neither benefits nor is disadvantaged. Close in definition to mutualism

Question 6

Are associations due to symbiosis genetically determined?

Answer 6

Yes

Question 7

What are the four types of commensalism and their examples

Answer 7

Phoretic( travel)
Cleaning
Protection
Syneoicious

Question 8

Does cleaning commensalism resemble mutualism

Answer 8

Yes, as the organism being cleaned benefits

Question 9

What is the main difference between commensalism and mutualism

Answer 9

Mutualists are physiologically dependent on each other

Question 10

Give examples of cleaning commensalism

Answer 10

See lecture

Question 11

Give examples of phoretic commensalism

Answer 11

See lecture

Question 12

Give examples of synoecious commensalism

Answer 12

See lecture

Question 13

Give examples of protection commensalism

Answer 13

See lecture

Question 14

Give examples of mutualism

Answer 14

Lichens

Zooxanthellae

Question 15

What is parasitism

Answer 15

“Beside food”. An interspecific interaction where a parasite is dependent on a host for food, shelter and developmental stimuli, at its expense

Question 16

What is an ectoparasite

Answer 16

A parasite which lives on the surface of its host

Question 17

What is an endoparasite

Answer 17

These are parasites which live internally

Question 18

What are facultative parasites

Answer 18

These are free living organisms which can become parasites in certain situations. Also called opportunistic infections

Question 19

What are hyperparasites?

Answer 19

These are parasites which parasitise other parasites

Question 20

List the various types of hosts

Answer 20

Definitive/Primary host, Intermediate host, Paratenic host, Reservoir host, vector

Question 21

What is a primary host?

Answer 21

This is the host in which the parasite reaches sexual maturity, or in the case of asexual parasites the trophozoite stage

Question 22

What is an intermediate host

Answer 22

This is the host where necessary development of the parasite takes place. In these hosts larvae and cysts tend to be present

Question 23

What is a paratenic/transport host

Answer 23

In this host the parasite does not develop therefore the host in not affected. However parasites tend to accumualate in this host

Question 24

What is a reservoir host

Answer 24

This is a non human animal which is a definitive host of a parasite.

Question 25

What is a zoonosis

Answer 25

A parasite of animals which is transmittable to humans

Question 26

What is a vector

Answer 26

Any biological agent which transmits disease

Question 27

List three differences between predators and parasites

Answer 27

• Predators kill hosts whilst parasites do not
• Predators tend to be larger than their hosts whilst parasites do not
• Parasites are symbiotic whilst predators are not