Lecture 1 Flashcards
Name the historical order and key names of scientists pioneering immunology
Smallpox was invented by Edward Jenner 1796 that first controlled demonstration of the immune demonstration
Robert Koch 1884 - Germ theory of disease
Louis Pasteur - vaccination name was coined
Name three successful vaccination campaigns
Diphtheria - swollen neck, “bullneck”
Vaccine = diphtheria toxoid
Polio - muscle weakness, can’t move
Vaccine = oral polio vaccine
Measles - highly contagious
Vaccine = available alone and combined (MMR)
Describe Elie Metchnikoff’s work
Russian That used transparent starfish larvae
Inserted a rose thorn into a larvae and used the transparent properties to observe the action of macrophages against the foreign body.
Characterised the process of phagocytosis by leukocytes
Defined 2 types of phagocytes, the macrophage and the microphage (smaller macrophage)
Describe Jules Hoffman’s work
Jules Hoffman studied bacterial and fungal infection in Drosophila. He discovered that a mutation in the toll gene resulted in drosophila death, because they could not mount an affective defence.
As such the toll gene must’ve been involved with sensing the presence of pathogenic microorganisms (a pattern recognition receptors PRR).
Describe Bruce Beutler’s Work
He discovers that mice resistant to lipopolysaccharide had a mutation in a gene very similar to the fly toll gene.
TLR was the elusive LPS receptor.
Describe Ralph Stineman‘s work.
Discovered the Dendrititc cell, that have the unique capacity to activate T cells. This was the prototypic antigen-presenting cell.
Name various pathogens.
Intra cellular pathogen’s – viruses, Bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes)
Bacteria and fungi, staphylococcus aureus and aspergillus fumigates able to grow and extracellular space.
Parasites can move throughout the body as part of their life cycle.
Describe how the immune response is multifaceted.
Immune system is an exploratory system mediated by chemical variation. This includes protein structures that are produced to recognise and respond to an infinite variety of chemical structures found in pathogens.
Animals = complex and perilous environment
Selection is constantly refining infectious agents specifically targeted against them period
A repertoire of defences corresponds to the diverse assaults an organism faces.
Describe some features of innate immunity.
External defences of the body are affective as a barrier to most organisms.
– Lysosomes in tears
– fatty acids such as Sweat or Sebacious secretions
– Mucus to block adherence
– ciliary movement Such as coughing or sneezing
– Microbial antagonism
– Low pH in stomach
– hair follicles (Staphylococcus aureus)
The immune response is determined based of pathogen type and the site of infection
This allows the distinction between pathogens that invade the host cells and those that are intracellular e.g. influenza must invade cells to reproduce, mycobacteria tuberculosis can divide extracellularly or in macrophages themselves
Streptococci (sore throat produces) generally divide outside the cell
Pattern recognition
Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) Are highly conserved in variant components of pathogens
PAMPs are recognised by pattern recognition receptors that lie on the surface or within innate leucocytes.
Compliment activation
Plasma protein Zymogens are rapidly activated on contact with microbial Surfaces which opsonises pathogen’s. This allows easier access for phagocytose this and ultimately pathogen destruction.
Phagocytosis
Inflammation (mediated by inflammatory cytokines and chemokijes)
Describe the general principles and features of adaptive immunity.
And adaptive immune response produces antibodies speak specific to a pathogen. Antigen receptors on the cells and T cells binds ComplimentaryRily to antigens
Adaptive immunity confers lifelong protective immunity to reinfection with the same pathogen (the principle underlying vaccination)
Clonal expansion following activation generates clones with identical receptors that set on the cells and T cells.
Diversity and tolerance
TCR and BCR recognition and diversity is almost limitless due to genetic mechanisms including somatic recombination
Tolerance is the concept of preventing the cell and T-cell generation able to recognise self antigens or what is known as central tolerance. The activation and of self reactive B and T cells that escape the central tolerance are known as peripheral tolerance.
