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Physiology Test 2 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is pericardius

A

Swollen bit on heart that puts pressure on it, need a pericardecromy which is removal of the sac

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2
Q

Features of the heart

A

Pumps blood one way
Leakproof
Regular and automatic
Able to chance output when required

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3
Q

Where is the heart located ?

A 
In mediastinum ( between 2 lungs ) and in the Thoracic Cavity in rib cage . 
5th intercostal space of ribs = apex (bottom of the heart) 3rd = base
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4
Q

Diaphragm function

A

Between chest and ribs, expands to push chest up and down

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5
Q

What are the two systems pumping blood

A

Pulmonary circulation ( carry’s Blood low in oxygen to lungs then to heart)

Systemic Circulation (oxygen rich blood to body )

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6
Q

Heart structure from right side top to bottom

A

Superior vena cava (blood from body to heart)
Right pulmonary artery ( blood to right lung)
Right pulmonary veins ( blood back from lungs to heart )
Right atrium ( top chamber of heart)
Inferior vena cava (blood from lower body to heart)
Right ventricle (lower chamber of heart)

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7
Q

Heart structure from left side top to bottom

A

Aorta (carries blood to body)
Left pulmonary artery (blood to left lung)
Left pulmonary veins (back from left lung)
Left atrium (top chamber)
Left ventricle (bottom chamber)

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8
Q

What is the circulation of blood (deoxygenated blood to oxygenated blood)

A

Low 02 blood enters the vena cave from body then leaves the R AND L pulmonary arteries to lungs.

High 02 blood enters the R AND L pulmonary veins from lungs and leaves through the aorta to body.

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9
Q

What are the layers of tissue in the heart

A
  • Pericardial sac
  • parietal pericardium
  • pericardial cavity
  • epicardium
  • myocardium
  • endocardium ;
  • loose connective tissue
  • squamous epithelium
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10
Q

What is pericardial cavity filled with and what function

A

Pericardial fluid and reduces friction as the heart beats

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11
Q

What is the sac called where the heart is contained

A

Pericardial sac (made of collagen fibres)

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12
Q

What lines the pericardial sac and what is it made off

A

Outer parietal pericardium and inner visceral pericardium separates by the pericardial cavity

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13
Q

What is the fluid called in the pericardial cavity

A

Pericardial fluid that acts as lubricant

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14
Q

What is the heart wall made of

A

Thick myocardium composed of cardiac muscle cells

Heart chambers lined by endocardium ( thin layer of AEOLAR connective tissue covered by SIMPLE SQUAMOUS epithelium )

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15
Q

What is the different between skeletal muscle cells and cardiac muscle cells

A

Cardiac muscle cells=
Short ( not long )
Branched ( allows link neighbour cells )
Single nucleus because short
Striated like skeletal
Involuntary control by the autonomic nervous system

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16
Q

What are intercalculated discs

A

Allow all cardiac cells to perform as one unit

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17
Q

What are the cells that physically join adjacent cells together

A

Desmosomes

18
Q

What electrically links cells together in heart

A

GAP junctions

19
Q

What is the conduction system in the heart

A

Sino-Atrial Node in the wall of right Atrium (“pacemaker”) passes signal onto Atrio-Ventricular Node passes to Atrio-Ventricular Bundle (between R and L ventricles) which branches in 2 down to apex then travels to Purkinje fibres which delivers signal to muscle cells in wall by diffusing up sides.

20
Q

How does Sa node initiate signal?

A

Specialised cardiac muscle cells that can become spontaneously active without any outside influence, 75x per min approx

21
Q

What are the valves in the heart?

A 
-prevent back flow of blood
Right tricuspid atrio -ventricular valve 
Right Semilunar valve 
Left bicuspid atrio ventricular valve 
Left semilunar valve
22
Q

What is attached to left and right tricuspid and bicuspid valves

A 
Chordae Tendinea (threads of connective tissue attach valve to Papillary muscles which contract to pull on tendons and o prevent back flow of blood 
Bi cuspid = 2 flaps of connective tissue
Tri cuspid = 3
23
Q

What are the two types of control of heart activity?

A

Intrinsic control and extrinsic control
I= hearts own in-built processes e.g. can control rhythm without outside factors
E= nervous system and endocrine system affect on heart activity

24
Q

What is the main thing that controls the heart activity ?

A

Sino Atrial Node = specialised cardiac muscle cells at the back of the right atrium near superior vena cava which become spontaneously active (generate its own action potential)

25
Q

What are the three ions involved in the cardiac muscle cell?

A

Na, K + and Ca2+

26
Q

What are the three phases in SA action potential ?

A

Phase 4 then 0 then 3

27
Q

Why is there no resting membrane potential?

A

Because pacemaker continually setting rhythm

28
Q

What happens in phase 4

A

Na+ channels open @ -60mV = slow Na+ channels, Na moves down conc gradient from High outside to Low inside.
Slowly make inside of cell positive
“FUNNY CURRENT” - chnagein m potential
When reaches -50mV, Na channels close and Ca channels open ( T-type Ca2+ channel) making inside more positive.

29
Q

What happens during phase 0?

A

Membrane potential reaches -40mV then L-type (longlasting) Ca2+ channels open and more Ca enters cell which causes m potential to rise to 20mV
RAPID INCREASE

30
Q

What happens during phase 3 of SA action potential?

A

Ca channels close and K+ channels open, low conc outside cells so K+ leave cell and cell becomes negatively charged down to -60mV

31
Q

How does SA node cause heart to beat after action potential?

A

Pass onto next cell - Cardiac muscle cell by GAP junction and causes it to contract

32
Q

What stops signal from causing the atria and ventricles to contract at the same time

A

The fiberous skeleton is a wall of fiberous connective tissues that separates the atria and ventricles and is an insulating material. Stops the signal from spreading so has to go through the conduction system.

33
Q

What is the difference between the cardiac muscle action potential and the SA action potential

A

CM action potential is much shorter than SA node action potential

34
Q

What are the phases of the CM action potential ?

A

0, 1, 2, 3, 4

35
Q

Phase 4 of Cardiac muscle action potential ?

A

Some K+ are open so K+ leaks out the cell, cell is still negative and at resting membrane potential -90mV
End of old cell signal and start of new cell signal
(Cardiac muscles are branched to transmission through GAP junctions will happen at number of points)

36
Q

What happens during phase 0 of the cardiac muscle action potential?

A
  • action potential from adjacent cell causes fast Na+ channels open and the inside becomes more positive until the membrane potential reaches -70mV (from -90mV), threshold then more Na+ channels open till +30mV
  • ALSO @-40mV Long Lasting Ca2+ channels open and Ca enters then at PEAK Na+ channels close but Ca channels stay open
37
Q

What happens during phase 1 of cardiac muscle cell action potential ?

A

Briefly K+ channels open up and lots of K+ on inside go outside cell and cell becomes more negative.
(Brief repolarisation)

38
Q

What happens during phase 2 during cardiac muscle action potential?

A

Long lasting Ca2+ channels still open so positive charge going in cell.
K+ leakage through ungated K+ channels so cell becoming negative too.
This maintains membrane potential.
Plateau Pase

39
Q

What happens during phase 3 of cardiac muscle action potential ?

A

Ca2+ channels close which allows K+ outflow to predominate out of cell
Membrane potential decreases to -90mV (resting membrane potential)
DEPOLARISATION
Back to phase 4

40
Q

What is key difference between action potential of SA node and Cardiac muscle cell ?

A

SA node action potential is longer than CMC

Physiology Test 2 (2 decks)

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