Lecture 1 Flashcards
What is a disease
all disease is a response of cells, tissues, organs, and the whole organism to abnormalities in the environment
Irreversible cell damage leads to
Cell death
Mild damage pathway
cell degeneration (hydropic or fatty change and cloudy swelling) --> continued stimulus --> cell death
–> resolves autophagy/protein synthesis –> cell survives
–> programmed cell death –> apoptosis
Selective damage to cell surface/DNA/mitochondria
programmed cell death –> apoptosis
Non-lethal damage pathway
dysplasia –> neoplasia
Degenerative response
REVERSIBLE or IRREVERSIBLE (cell death; necrosis)
Types of necrosis
Coagulative- dead tissue appears firm; structures are recognizable
Colliquative- dead tissue appears semi-liquid, no structures are recognizable
Causeous- dead tissue resembles a soft, friable, whitish-grey clump
Proliferative Responses
Hyperplasia- increase cell number
Metaplasia- one type of differentiated tissue is replaced by another
Dysplasia- alteration in size, shape, organization
Anaplasia- extreme form of arrested or altered differentiation
Neoplasia- new growth (benign or malignant)
Hydropic degeneration pathway
Injury Hypoxia Decrease ATP Na+ and H2O into the cell, K+ out Increase osmotic pressure More H2O Cisternae distend, rupture, and form vacuoles Extensive vacuolation
The liver
- largest gland (1500 g)
- upper right hand quadrant of abdomen
- 4 lobes (right and left comprise the bulk)
- endocrine and exocrine function
- center for drug detoxification
Liver digestion
absorption in alimentary canal –> portal vein –> liver
nutrients are metabolized into glycogen by hepatocytes
Respiratory system
functions in providing oxygen and eliminating CO2 from cells of the body
Two major lung segments
Conducting portion- outside and inside the lungs to convey air into the lungs
Respiratory portion- inside the lungs, functions in exchange of oxygen for CO2
Four properties of a respiratory organ
- large vascular surface area
- thin membrane surface
- method for renewing the gas media within the lung environment
- freely circulating blood
Lung lobes
- three on the right (upper, middle, lower)
- two lobes on the left (upper, lower)
- further subdivided into bronchopulmonary segments
Function of the lobes
Lobes and their semi compartmentalization act as barriers- makes the infection spread slower
What kind of blood is in the liver?
75% deoxygenized and nutrient rich from the portal vein
25% oxygenated from the hepatic artery
- blood perculates away from the portal triad and the further the blood, the lower the O2 levels and cells
Acute inflammation pathway
damage neutralized –> resolution
damage neutralized w/ tissue destruction –> organization through phagocytosis –> healing by repair
–> abscess –> damage neutralised w/ tissue destruction
–> persisting damage –> organisation with continued inflammation –> chronic inflammation
Inflammation
the reaction of vascularized tissue to the local injury- can be systemic
Subtypes of inflammation
Acute- changes that occur within minutes of the injury and persist for several hours or days. Developed to get rid immediately to enter repair mode.
Chronic- more variable than acute and includes several forms of tissue reactions over a long period of time. Injury stim due to persistence or repetitious elicits an immune response
Repair
damage tissue is repaird by regeneration or by replacement of the damage parenchyma and stroma by fibrous tissue
Two main stages of acute inflammation
- Fluid Exudation
2. Cellular Exudation
First cells to immune response
neutrophils
- if successful, macrophages enter
Resolution description (after immune response, before repair)
- less macrophages at the site
- re-epithelialization at areas of cell damage
- limited regeneration
