Lecture 1 Flashcards
What is the definition of Educational technology?
Dr. Michael Spectors
Educational technology involves the disciplined application of knowledge for the purpose of improving learning, instruction, and/or performance.
What is the definition of educational technology through the AECT?
Educational technology is the study and ethical proactive of facilitating learning and improving by creating, using and managing appropriate technological processes and resources.
What is Dr. Carbanaro’s definition of Educational Technology?
educational Technology is the integration of technology to support and enhance teaching, learning and problem-solving.
What motivated Sidney Pressesy’s teaching Machine?
Behaviorism.
What did Pressesy’s belief about teaching and learning?
Students should be educated individually - via testing
What was Pressey’s teaching machine
Automated teaching machine that use a drill and practice approach with candy.
how many education technology patents were made in between 1890-1930?
700
with over half in the 1920’s
What is underlying the learning theory of behaviorism?
Programmed instruction
What is Immediate knowledge?
leads to learning the correct behavior; the student quickly learns to be right (more effective approach)
What is Motivating effect?
The student is free of anxiety because they get quick feedback…..and immediate reports.
What is mastery learning?
Mastery learning resulted in the average student learning twice as fast.
What was Plato’s contribution to educational technology in the 1960’s?
Programmed logic Automated Teaching operation.
What were some of Plato’s innovations?
Plasma TV pixel based display Touch screens online forums email instant messaging
What is Computer Assisted Instruction?
Integrated student and technological learning and teaching
What are Mindtools?
technological tools that can support and enhance problem solving and critical thinking.
What is the creation of computational artifacts/solutions?
You work transparently with computational tools to create computational artifacts and/or computational solutions.
Learning theories, adopted for integration of digital technologies, will depend on the _______ and __________ of the instructional environment?
Context
Purpose
What are the four most common challenges that face the use of teaching machines (computers ect)
- Cost to develop quality instructional materials
- Technologies have a limited lifespan
- Level of knowledge often needed to program the machine cam be difficult to master.
- School environments are not structured to support teaching innovations
What is behaviorism?
a theory of learning based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning
What are some examples of “learning from technology”?
Computer assisted instruction
Computer-based training
intelligent-tutoring systems
When looking through the lens of “learning from technology” what is drill and practice learning?
Question -> answer -> feedback
When looking through the lens of “learning from technology” what is tutorial based learning?
Question -> Answer -> Feedback -> branching -> remediation
What dose it mean when we say “learning about technology”?
It is orientated around learning the nuts and bolts of technology, About HOW and WHY things work the way they do technologically.
What are two examples of Learning About technology within today’s curriculum?
Maker Movement within education:
- Drone, Robots, 3D printers.
- Computational Thinking.
What thinking about “Learning with technology” what would a Mindtool be?
Technological tools thatc an support and enhance problem solving and critical thinking.
What is the practical application of mindtools?
Advances in software and/or hardware tools can be used to solve problems, and construct and represent new knowledge.
What are some Generic tools that are used?
within the idea of mind tools and learning with technology
Spreadsheets, Databases, Multimedia, Construction, Concept mapping, ect.
What dose it mean to create computational artifacts/solutions?
You work transparently with computational tools to create computational artifacts and/or computational solutions.
What is the role of the learner when they are using computational tools?
They will engage in hypothesis testing, designing, planning, model building.
What are the three dimensions of mind tools?
Engagement
Generativity
Control
Within the three dimensions of Mind-tools, what two sub section is each dimension broken into?
Engagement:
- Active
- Passive
Generativity:
- Presentation
- Creation
Control:
- Teacher/system
- Student.
What are the three ways we learn in accordance to technology?
Learning about technology
Learning with technology (mindtools)
Learning from Technology.
What do we know about what learning is?
- Brain plays a role
- Environmental & surrounding stimuli play a role
- Based on associations
- Occurs in social and cultural contexts
What learning model is most commonly used when looking at machine learning?
- Neural Network model
What is Operant Conditioning?
B.F. Skinner attempted to describe human behavior in terms of rewards and punishments.
What secondary theory was closely linked to Operant Conditioning?
Instructionalisum
What is the core foundation of operant conditioning?
Behaviors lead to consequences
Consequences shape behaviors
What is a consequence in regards to operant conditioning?
A reinforcer that is designed to encourage the desired behavior.
What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?
Classical - looks as a cause and effect relationship outside of punishment (bell = salivation)
Operant - looks at the behavior as a response of avoidance of punishment.
What is another term for Direct Instruction?
Instructionism or Programmed Instruction
What is Instructionism?
A school of thought in which emphasis is placed on the teacher as the instructor, having complete control over what is to be learned and how it must be learned.
What is the role of the learner within Instructionism?
The learner is a passive recipient of knowledge, due to this being TEACHER CENTERED LEARNING
How is learning structured within Instructionism?
Learning is receiving content & exploring ideas of the teacher defined goals
What is the goal of education within Instructionism?
Education is about changing student behavior.
What was Jean Piaget’s theory of education?
ConstructiVism
What is the idea around ConstructiVism?
A learner must construct/build their own knowledge progressively through experience.
What is a Stage Theorist?
The idea that there is a link between intellectual ability and biological development.
What are the four stages of intellectual development within ConstructiVism?
- Sensorimotor (0-2) develop object permanence
- Preoperational (2-7) - egocentric language
- Concrete operational (7-12) - better understanding of physical objects
- Formal operational (12-death)
What is the process of ConstructiVism?
The individual learns to build internal knowledge representations through the process of:
- assimilation
- accommodation
- equilibration
resulting in: Schema
What is Assimilation within ConstructiVism?
Fit the practice to the theory
- Complex but familiar external objects are simplified to fit pre-existing categories in your head.
What is accommodation within ConstructiVism?
Fit theory to practice:
- You have to change the ideas in your head to fit the realities of external objects.
What was Vygotsky’s contribution to ConstructiVism?
He developed Social ConstructiVism
What is the difference between ConstructiVism and social ConstructiVism
ConstructiVism: focuses on the individual
Social ConstructiVism: Focuses about the community
What is the core concept around social ConstructiVism?
Children co-construct knowledge through interactions within others (adults, peers, advanced peers)
Within social ConstructiVism: complete this statement -
Learning can lead ____
Development.
Can development be separated from its social context?
No it cannot.
What is the one of the central aspects within the role of development ?
Language is a cultural tool that leads to development.
What is the social environment within social ConstructiVism?
Self-regulated, private speech, thought & language.
The Zones proximal to development.
What is Buner’s ConstructiVism?
The idea that learning thinking is on a continuum from concrete thinking to abstract thinking.
Within Bruner ConstructiVism, what are the three categories of thinking within the continuum?
Concrete thinking
- Inactive (doing): learning through actions with objects
- iconic (images): Learning through actions with images
- Symbolic: learning through actions with symbols.
Abstract thinking
What is the Bruner’s Spiral Curriculum?
Complex ideas can be taught at a simplified level first, and complex levels later.
Gradually increasing in difficulty.
What is Bruner’s Discovery Learning theory?
A ConstructiVism learning theory that takes place in problem solving situations, the learner draws on past experiences and existing knowledge to discover facts and relationships.
Within the discovery learning theory, how do students learn?
They learn through their interactions with the world.
Through exploring and manipulating objects, wresting with questions, or performing experiments.
What is the key concept of the Discovery theory?
Students are more likely to remember concepts when knowledge is discovered
What is Constructionism?
A theory that empathizes the idea that learning happens most felicitously when the learner is engaged in the construction of something external or at least shareable.
What is the core concept around Constructionism?
Building involves both process and Product.
What are the four pillars of Constructionism?
- Designing meaningful projects in a social context.
- Creation of tangible artifacts using objects (virtual or concrete)
- Powerful ideas empower the learner
- Reflection and refine artifacts through social interaction and sharing.
What is top down learning?
Learning from an already established medium of knowledge
What is bottom up learning?
Learning from the most basic level to the most advanced through experience.
