Lecture 1 Flashcards
Definition of homeostasis
Sameness and stasis = standing still
=physiological processes which maintain internal conditions ( inside cells) for opitmall cell function=
Dynamic equilibrium
Disrupters/ detectors/ control system/ effectors
Cellular environment (ecf) needs right amount glucose and oxygen= facilitating energy
Blood= perfuses to tissue= delivers o2= need right among of blood cells and blood pressure= to maintain environment inside and outside of cells
Amino acids\fats/vitamins
Endocrine hormones= need right amount in blood= control reactions in cells
Ecf= rught amount of water and electrolytes
Lysis/cremation
Waste products= co2/ ammonia= toxic= stop biochem functions and kill cells
Temp/ pressure/pH/ nutrients
Example of positive feedback loop and negative feedback loop
Negative feed back= glucose levels elevated= detected by insulin secreting pancreas cells = pancreases secretes insulin = liver cells to take up glucose and store as glycogen= cells use glucose up to
Glucose levels drop
Insulin levels drop as your return to set point
Positive feed back= clotting= tear in vessel wall= platelets adhered to site= release chemicals = attract more platelets= clot grows= cycle ends after clot seals the break
Oxytocin= contractions
Heat exhaustion
Unconsciousness/fitting/seizures/ confused/ restless/ headache/ dizzy/ uncomfortable
46 plus
Heat stroke
40-46
Flushed dry skin
Hot to touch
String bounding pulse
Fever
Pale sweaty skin, cramps in stomach, arms and legs
38-40
Normal
36.5-37.5
Mild hypothermia
32-36
Shivering fatigue slurred speech confusion forgetfulness muscle stiffness
Severe hypothermia
28-32
Shivering stops, muscles become rigid slow and weak pulse
Noticinke drowsuness/severe reduction in response levels = easiest way to tell
No vital signs
Below 28
Unconsciousness dilated pupils pulse index table
Not dead until warm= goes back to 37
Acid base balance
7.35-7.45= normal pH range
Lung-respiratory balance
Kidney metabolic balance
Gastric pH= 1.5-3.5=gets into oesophagi = oesophagitis, stricture
Stomach looses mucys= ulceration and perforation
6.8= disease symptoms begun
5.8 cancers cells form
3.5= human body cannot sustain life =diabetic ketoacifosuz
Limits of human tissue survival = 6.8-7.8
Water composition
60% fluids 2/3 icf 1/3 ecf Of ecf 80% interstitial fluid 20% plasma
50% women = more fat
Infants have highest total body water
Adults have least
Diff patients = have diff total body water contend = diff ecf/ diff plasma/diff blood bold
Tonicity
Concentration
ISO
Hypo
Hyper
Dehydration
Cells absorb water from interstate space
Then from each other ( SACRIFUCE)
Tissue die
Water absorbed from organs
Organs die
Water absorbed= brain, liver, kidney and lastly heart
Dehydrate confused first = brain looses water
Water loss= osmolarity increases= adh increases= plasma volume decreases= oligurA
Concentriaon of solute = number of particles of solute per litre
Cogulation = thickness increasing blood
Too much water
Osmotic pressure high
Cells absorbs water and swell
Enzyme and proteins stop working = can’t meet eachother
Cells keep swelling until they burst
Oedema
Fluid retention
Peripheral= LIMBS eg swollen ankles= retention of fluid
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE> oncotic pressure
pressure from heart / grater then pressure in cappileries
Oncotic pressure= force that pushes water in blood vessels, due to solutes that are found in the plasma mainly proteins
Hydrostatic pressure= exerted by water onto capillary walls
Increased hydrosystax pressure = heart failure , liver cirrhosis ,renal dailyre
Causes= plasma protein in interstila space\ blocked or damaged lymphatic
The blockage prevents lymph fluid from draining well, and the fluid buildup leads to swelling.
Lymph is a clear-to-white fluid made of: White blood cells, especially lymphocytes, the cells that attack bacte
