Lecture 1

Question 1

What is the role of the ribcage in respiration?

Answer 1

The ribcage expands to facilitate inspiration and collapses during expiration with the help of the intercostal muscles.

Question 2

What is the bucket action during breathing?

Answer 2

• elevation of lateral shaft of rib

* during inspiration the rib’s shift laterally to increases lateral diameter of ribcage

Question 3

What is the pump handle action during breathing?

Answer 3

• up and down movement of the ribs

* look at movement of sternum

Question 4

What are the primary muscles of inspiration?

Answer 4

Diaphragm, External intercostals

Question 5

What are the secondary muscles of inspiration?

Answer 5

Accessory
• scalene
• pecs
• traps
• scm
• erector spinal
• abdominals

Question 6

What are the primary muscles of expiration?

Answer 6

Abdominals, internal intercostals

Question 7

What is the innervation of the Diaphragm and its role in inspiration?

Answer 7

The phrenic nerve from c3,4,5

During inhalation, your diaphragm moves downward to increase space in the chest cavity for the lungs to expand.

Question 8

Where is the hilum located and what’s its function?

Answer 8

The hilum is found in the middle lobe of each lung and is where the veins, arteries, nerves, and the lymphatic system enters the lungs.

Question 9

What is the function of the pleural sac?

Answer 9

The pleural sac allows the lung to expand with little friction
and creates a pressure gradient along with lungs

Question 10

What is pleural effusion?

Answer 10

• water at bottom of lungs, which impairs gas exchange due to compression of the lungs
and can lead to decreased or collapsed alveoli

Question 11

What is the role in the cilla during respiration and what happens if they become damaged?

Answer 11

a) The bronchi in the lungs are lined with Cilla, which functions to limit dangerous particles/bacteria from entering the lungs with their wave-like action. This helps to prevent infection of the lungs.
b) If the cilla become damaged they can disappear from the surface of the lungs impairing gas exchange and making it harder to remove mucus from the lungs

Question 12

What are some consequences of damaged cilla?

Answer 12

inflammation of the lungs

• uncontrolled growth of fibroblasts leading to stiffness of the lungs (IPF lung disease)

Question 13

Describe the role the abdominal muscles play in inspiration?

Answer 13

During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and descends downwards, which increases intra-abdominal pressure in the thoracic cavity. The increased pressure is transmitted to the ribcage via the zone of apposition and helps to expand the ribs with a bucket handle motion. Pressure decreases so air flows into the lungs

Question 14

What are the roles of the doral and ventral respiratory groups?

Answer 14

The dorsal group is inspiratory and f/n as an integrator that determines the rhythm of your breathing.

The ventral group functions as a modulating center modulating system, some cells stimulate inspiration and others stimulate expiration.

Pneumotaxic: maintains the rhythm of ventilation
Apneustic: facilitates inspiration