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Histology exam 1 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

DLX3
regulates?

mutations lead to?

A

hair follicle differentiation
Enamel genes
Bone formation, resorption, and homeostasis

leads to trichodentoosseus syndrome

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2
Q

At what days:
morulla
Blastocyst
implantation into uterine wall

A

3-4 days morulla

5 days blastocyst

implants into uterine wall at day 14

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3
Q

Blastocyst stage description

A

Comprises of trophoblast and embryoblast/ICM.

Inner cell mass becomes all tissues of embryo

First differentiation of cells

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4
Q

Blastocyst at 13 days (end of week 2)

A

Formation of two germ layers
-ectoderm and endoderm

Thickening of prechordal plate between the two germ layers

Bilaminar 2 layer embryo

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5
Q

Gastrulation
occurs when?
How does it happen?

A

occurs at the end of the 3rd week

Primitive node is formed then primitive streak. Ectodermal cells migrate through primitive streak to form new population of cells between ecto and endoderm.

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6
Q

What forms the notocord

A

cephalic, more rostral migrating cells form the notocord to support the embryo

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7
Q

What comprises buccopharyngeal membrane

A

remains bilayer of ectoderm and endoderm with no intervening mesoderm

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8
Q

What key things happen during weeks 4 - 8

A
  • Differentiation
  • Major structures
  • Rapid change
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9
Q

Rostro-caudal (front back) folding occurs during

result of this folding results in?

A

week 4
-Cardiac plate moves inwards as it develops below buccopharyngeal membrane

-formation of a mouth/stomatodeum, stomodeum is the primitive oral cavity

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10
Q

Neural crest cells

How does ectoderm form outer surface of the embryo

when is all this happening

what happens to endoderm

A

come together to form the neural tube.

  • edges of ecto derm push up and crow around the endoderm. Pushing down and forming circle around endo and meso and forms outer surface of the embryo
  • week 4
  • endoderm starts as a flat surface and gets pinched off as ectoderm forms around it-> forms the gut
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11
Q

Buccopharyngeal membrane forms:

A

back of mouth and front of primitive gut

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12
Q

Stomatodeum is at first bounded by

A

superior: frontal prominence
inferior: Cardiac bulge
posterior: Buccopharyngeal membrane

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13
Q

Stomatodeum, branchial arches, cardiac bulge, buccopharyngeal membrane

A

as branchial arches develop, cardiac bulge is displaced by them.

  • posterior border of stomatodeum becomes branchial arch 1
  • buccopharyngeal membrane ruptures and allows communication between mouth and foregut
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14
Q

Cranial neural crest cells
derived from what germ layer?
adjacent to? separates from what when?
has the capacity to do what?

A

Derived from ectoderm

  • adjacent to the neural tube
  • separates from neural plate when neural tube closes
  • capacity to migrate and differentiate extensively
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15
Q

Cranial neural crest cells undergo:
referred to as:
forms what

A

epithelial to mesenchymal transformation

  • ectomesenchymal cells
  • most of the connective tissues of the head including teeth and their supportive tissues
  • also migrate to branchial arch 1
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16
Q

Some craniofacial bones come from

A

ectomesenchyme derived from neural crest cells

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17
Q

Skeletal bones come from

A

mesoderm

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18
Q

neural tube expands as

A

forebrain midbrain and hindbrain

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19
Q

hindbrain forms

A

8 rhombomeres/bulges

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20
Q

what parts of the neural tube form branchial arch 1

A

The midbrain and rhombomeres 1 and 2

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21
Q

Pattern of NCC migration
First stream forms:
second stream forms:

A

the face

branchial arch 1

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22
Q

Neural crest cells from rhombomeres> or equal to 3 express

A

Hox transcription facors/genes

23
Q

do craniofacial regions use hox genes? why?

A

craniofacial region is a more recent evolutionary structure, developed new sets of TFs

24
Q

Hox TFs
Homeobox TFs
All transcription factors have

A
  • very ancient genes involved in ancient body pattern direction
  • *subset of homeobox
  • includes a specific 180 base pair homeobox with specific sequence
  • include DNA binding domain that allows them to interact with and regulate genes
25
Q

Branchial arches form by

A

Infiltrating Neural crest cells and proliferating mesoderm

26
Q

Each arch is comprised of

A 
external bump (ectoderm)
Internal bump (endoderm)
-within internal bump is a mix of neural crest cells and mesoderm
27
Q

Grooves/clefts

A

separate arches externally (ectoderm)

28
Q

Pouches

A

Internal depression (endoderm)

29
Q

Branchial arches and clefts appear and disappear quickly within

A

4th week

30
Q

Branchial arch 1 becomes

pouch and groove

Cleft I forms

A

right and left maxillary facial processes and right and left mandibular facial processes

  • becomes outer and middle ear
  • external auditory meatus
31
Q

where maxillary and mandibular processes meet

A

commissura labiorum oris

32
Q

Branchial arch II forms

A

operculum that folds over BAIII and IV and clefts II, III, IV

33
Q

Dlx homeobox TFs mutation?

A

causes altered craniofacial morphology

-lack of maxillary molars

34
Q

Treacher-collins syndrome caused by

A

underdevelopment of craniofacial region and mandible

-failure/impairment of NCC migration to facial region

35
Q

Process of merging is what

A

Elimination of furrows between already connected tissues

-mandibular processes grow together medially. Proliferation of mesenchyme to fill in furrows

36
Q

Fusion:

what structures utilize this

A

breakdown of surface epithelium to unify previously separate processes

  • palatine shelves come together and merge
  • maxillary processes come together medially
  • medial nasal processes and maxillary prcesses unify
37
Q

Formation of the face from weeks 4-6 what occurs?

A

Boundaries of stomatodeum on day 26 is from branchial arch I from the right and left maxillary and mandibular processes

Odontogenic epithelium present as maxillary and mandibular processes merge

Nasal placodes begin forming (proliferation)

38
Q

2 nasal pits form within

A

frontal prominence

39
Q

medial nasal processes forms:

A

philtrum of upper lip

Midline of nose

40
Q

Frontal prominence becomes

A

medial nasal processes

Lateral nasal processes

41
Q

Lateral nasal processes form

A

lateral sides of nose, ala of nose, infraorbital area

42
Q

Maxillary processes become

A

upper parts of cheeks

lateral parts of upper lip

43
Q

mandibular processes become

A

lower parts of cheeks

  • lower lip
  • chin
44
Q

Tongue appears during

-originates from?

A

fourth week
-four lingual swellings on internal surfaces of branchial arches I, II, III (mainly I and III)

Tuberculum impar forms at midline of branchial arch I mandibular process

  • Lingual swellings (from BAI) on either side of tuberculum impar
  • Copula (BAII) is overgrown by large hypobranchial eminence (BAIII)
45
Q

What forms anterior 2/3 of the tongue

A

lateral lingual swellings merge with each other and with tuberculum impar

46
Q

What forms posterior 1/3 of tongue (root)

A

When hypobranchial eminence from BA III overgrows copula

47
Q

what forms epiglottis

A

posterior BA IV

48
Q

What forms mucosa of anterior 2/3
-Innervation?

What forms mucosa of posterior 1/3
-Innervation?

Muscle
-Innervation?

A

Branchial arch I
-Cranial nerve 5 (Trigeminal)

Branchial arch III
Glossopharyngeal (CNIX)

Occipital somites
Hypoglossal (XII)

49
Q

Oral cavity at ____ weeks has a ______ but no _____

A

5 weeks has a stomatodeum but no separation of oral and nasal cavities

50
Q

Structures within the stomatodeum include

A 
primary palate (from median nasal processes of frontal prominence)
Nasal septum (from primary palate)
palatine shelves/folds (from maxillary facial processes)
51
Q

secondary palate formation stages

  • 7 weeks
  • 7-8 weeks
  • 9+ weeks
A
  1. Palatine shelves facing downwards (vertical)
  2. Tongue depressed, palatine shelves elevated but not fused
  3. Fusion of shelves and nasal septum to form secondary palate
52
Q

Fusion of primary palate, nasal palate, and palatine shelves/folds occurs via

A

anterior to posterior direction

53
Q

Defects in first 4 weeks vs 4-8 weeks

Most common birth defects?

A

4-> often lethal
4-8-> more likely to form malformations

Cleft lip and palate

54
Q

Interferon regulatory factor 6

A

Transcription factor
expressed in oral epithelium during face formation palatogenesis and tooth formation
-mutations associated with orofacial clefting

Histology exam 1 (3 decks)

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