Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Articulation > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define articulation

A

How speech sounds are made : Airstream is modified by active and passive articulators.
> Motor processes involved in the movements of articulators (lips, tongue etc)
> Is a special form of motor learning.
> Described in terms of sounds /phones /phonetics .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define phonetics

A

the study/measurement of speech sounds (physical production, acoustic transmission and perception of the sounds of speech)
> Speech sound = basic unit of phonetics
> Focus is on form/structure not meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define phonology

A

the description of the systems and patterns of phonemes that occur in a language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define Phonotactics

A

Phonological constraints on what sounds can appear in what positions in a given language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is speech sound development?

A

Gradual articulatory mastery of speech sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Phonological development

A

implies acquisition of a functional sound system. It is NOT simply learning to produce different sounds. Its learning the contrasts between sounds that covey meaning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are Bieile’s 4 stages of linguistic development?

A
  1. Pre-linguistic stage (Reflexive, cooing, vocal play, babbling and jargon)
  2. Linguistic stage (First fifty-word stage 12-24 months)
  3. Pre-School age (2 years to 5 years)
  4. School age (5 yrs +)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the fetal auditory experience?

A

The auditory system becomes functional at ~25 weeks of gestation. The last 10-12 weeks of fetal life (>28 weeks i.e. 3rd trimester) -meaningful outside auditory experience
> Critical window for auditory neurosensory development : 25 weeks of gestation and up.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define categorical perception

A

sounds varied on a continuum are perceived according to phonemic categories in native language. Demonstrated in 1 month infants for/ba/-/pa/ continuum (inferred from changes in sucking rates).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

At what age do infants lose the ability to discriminate between non-native sounds

A

ability is lost by 1yr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How much of a language delay did fetuses present with at birth when language exposure in utero was absent?

A

2 month delay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 5 sub stages of the prelinguistic phase (From 0-12 months)

A 
> Reflexive (0-2)
> Cooing (2-4)
> Vocal play (4-6)
> Cannonical Babbling (6-10)
> Jargon (10+)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Within the cooing stage what is Quasi-resonant nuclei (QRN)

A

Non-crying vowel-like (vocoids) sounds with brief consonantal elements (contoids- consonant-like).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

During cooing where are most sounds produced?

A

In the back of throat (Velars, glottals and nasals) and sounds are somewhat nasalized due to proximity of larynx and vocal tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What occurs during the vocal play stage?

A

Production of prolonged vowel/consonant-like steady stages.
> Nasals, liquid, bilabial trills.
> Increase in tongue control (protrusion/retraction/height)
> Increase in control of lip constriction
> Variations in loudness & pitch.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

List and define the two types of cannonical babbling that occur during the babbling stage.

A

(1) Reduplicated: Strings of CV/VC, vowel quality may vary; consonants stay the same from syllable to syllable [e.g. baba].
2) Nonreduplicated (varigated): Variations in both C and V from syllable to syllable (e.g.[batƏ]). 1 &2 stages are not sequential. Although, self-stimulatory in nature by end of this stage babbling may be used in imitation games.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

During the babbling stage children achieve fully resonant Nuclei (FRN) - what does this mean?

A

adult like (front and central)vowels+ Consonants: stops (p,b,t,d,g,k), nasals + glides (j). Primarily: labial and alveolar. Overlaps with 1st words.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What occurs during the jargon phase

A

Strings of babbled utterances modulated by intonation, rhythm and pausing.Language specific.Delivered with eye-contact and gesturesIntentional & sounds like child is attempting real sentences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What types of sounds are common during the babbling stage?

A

adult like (front and central) vowels + Consonants: stops (p,b,t,d,g,k), nasals + glides (j). Sounds mostly labial and alveolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the continuity hypothesis?

A

Current thinking. Babbling varies depending on the linguistic environment in which a baby is raised and provides sensory-motor practice for later speech-language development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the Ratio of babbling tell us?

A

If Vocoids > contoids = Less language growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does the complexity of babbling tell us?

A

Greater babble complexity = Greater language growthGreater variety of contoid production = Greater language growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What should we look for in infant babbling?

A

> Range and diversity of vocoids/contoids
Syllable shapes
Vocalization length and complexity
(e.g. encourage parents to look for non-reduplicated babble)
Intonation/prosodic features
Intentional communication (eye contact/gestures).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the 5 steps in the development of speech motor control for infants?

A

Sequence:
1. Jaw control comes first. Early phonemes are driven by the jaw (vowels), as they have limited control over the lips and tongue for producing other consonantal sounds.

  1. Ballistic jaw movements = stops come early; graded force control required for fricatives/affricates etc come later.
  2. Jaw movements similar to adults at 12 months; lips between 2-6 years.
  3. Independence of lower lip/tongue from jaw and ability to coordinate them allows expansion of phonetic inventories. (reason why labio-dental fricatives [f,v] appear >2yrs).
  4. Speech motor control refinements continue even after 6 years of age.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Most vowels and diphthongs with the exception of rhotics (e.g., /ɚ/ and /ɝ/) are produced with ___ accuracy from age ____ onwards.

A

85%, age 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What do vowel errors indicate?

A

Vowel errors may be phonological or indicate serious motor control issues in jaw/lip/tongue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Vowels (a,i,e,o,u etc)and Nasals (m,n/except ŋ) are the _____ to develop during the _____ phase of prelinguistic development

A

First, Cooing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

After vowels and nasals what sounds are acquired next and in which stage?

A

Stops emerge during babbling

  • Lip control (p/b)
  • Tongue control (k/g/t/d)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What sounds begin to emerge after stops? What allows these sounds to develop?

A
  • Glides (/w/ earlier than/ j/)
    • Fricatives (s,z,∫; exception is /f/ mastered early @ 3yrs)
    • Liquids (l/r)
    • Affricates

Develop alongside
> finer airflow/timing control
> Coarticulation with prosody (in jargon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Under all categories sounds made with ____ are mastered first, then tongue

A

lips

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the early eight sounds and at what age?

A

Early eight [<3;0]

/h/, /p/,/b/,/m/ /d/,/n/, /w/,/j/*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the mid eight sounds and at what age?

A

Mid eight [+/- 3;0 - 4;6]

/k/,/g/, /t/, /f/, /v/, /ŋ/, /ʒ/, /ʤ/

33
Q

What are the late eight sounds and at what age?

A

Late eight [+/- 4;6 – 6;8 depending on the study]

/s/, /z/, /l/, /r/, /ʃ/, /tʃ//θ/, /ð/,

34
Q

True or false CC clusters occur earlier than CCC clusters.

A

TRUE

35
Q

True or false: plosive-laterals occur earlier than Plosive-glides

A

FALSE - Plosive glides come first

36
Q

What is the Natural phonology model of phonological development?

A

Patterns of speech are governed by an innate, universal set of phonological processes.

37
Q

Define phonological processes

A

A child’s CNS & speech motor capacity is limited, hence they cannot produce certain sounds or sound sequences accurately. Hence, they apply rules to their speech to simplify the adult form until they develop the ability to correctly articulate the sounds.

38
Q

What are the 3 key assumptions of the Natural Phonology model of phonological development?

A
  1. Children posses a full understanding of the adult phoneme system.
  2. Child only has difficulty in peripheral motor realization of phonetic form.
  3. Child’s innate phonological system is continuously revised in the direction of the adult system.
39
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms by which a child’s innate phonological system is continuously revised in the direction of the adult system

A
  1. Limitation: Occurs when differences between a child’s & adult’s systems become limited to specific sounds/sound classes. E.g. Child may substitute more “natural” sound for a “marked” sound*. All fricatives may be replaced by homorganic stops [f]→[p], [s] →[t]; later this global substitution of all fricatives →stops is limited to only [s,z].
  2. Ordering: substitutions that are unordered and random become organized. E.g. substitution and devoicing : sue/zoo=tu. But later bring in “order” by voicing initial voiced stops , but retaining stop substitution. Sue = [tu] but zoo= [du].
  3. Suppression: Previously used phonological process is not used any longer.
40
Q

Within the natural phonology model, phonological processes are divided into what 3 categories?

A

Syllable structure : Sound changes that affect structure of a syllableSubstitution: One sound class is replaced by anotherAssimilatory: A sound becomes similar to, or is influenced by a neighbouring sound

41
Q

What are the 5 phonological processes that fall under the syllable structure category?

A
  1. Cluster reduction: Simplification of consonant cluster into a single consonant . Typically the more “natural” member of the cluster is retained.
  2. Reduplication: Simplification because the 2nd syllable becomes a repetition of the 1st. Vowel may or may not be varied.
  3. Weak syllable deletion: Unstressed syllable is omitted.
    (stress: weak-strong-weak -> Strong-weak pattern)
  4. Final consonant deletion: Omission of a syllable arresting consonant.
  5. Epenthesis: Insertion of sound segment, changing syllable structure. Often intrusive schwa to simplify consonant clusters.
42
Q

Give an example of each of the 5 phonological processes that fall under the syllable structure category

A
  1. Cluster reduction
    E.g. Spoon → [pun]
  2. Reduplication
    E.g. water → [wawa]
    Blanket → [babi]
  3. Weak syllable deletion
    E.g. Ba’nana → [nana]
  4. Final consonant deletion
    E.g. Head → [hԑ]
  5. Epenthesis
    E.g. Please → [pƏliz]
43
Q

Within the substitution category, what are the 2 main categories of substitution that can occur?

A

Can be: (a) Place, (b)Manner and (c) Voice substitutions

OR

Cluster substitutions : Replacement of one member of a cluster.
E.g. Street → [stwit]

44
Q

What are the 3 different types of place substitutions (and provide examples of each)

A
  1. Fronting: Posterior sounds become more anterior.
    Velar Fronting: Key →[ti]; Palatal Fronting: ∫→ s e.g. Shoe → [su]
  2. Labialization: Replacement of non-labial sound by a labial one. E.g. Thumb → [fᴧm]
  3. Alveolarization: Non-alveolar sounds (mostly interdental and labio-dental) become alveolar. E.g. Thumb → [sᴧm]
45
Q

What are the 7 types of Manner substitutions? (and provide example of each)

A
  1. Stopping: Substituting stops for fricatives or omitting fricative portion of affricates.
    E.g. Sun →[tᴧn]; Juice ʤus → [dus]
  2. Affrication: Replacement of fricatives by homorganic affricates. E.g. Shoe ʃu → [t∫u]
  3. Deaffrication: Production of affricatives as homorganic fricatives E.g. Cheeze→ [∫iz]
  4. Gliding: Replacement of liquids/fricatives by glides E.g. red → [wԑd]; shoe → [ju]
  5. Vowelization: Replacement of liquids and nasals by vowels. E.g. teɪbəl → [teibo]
  6. Derhotacization: loss of r-colouring in rhotics [r] and central vowels [ɝ, ɚ]
    E.g. Bird (bɜrd or bɝd) → [bɜd], ladder lædɚ → [lᴂdƏ].
  7. Densalization: Replacement of nasals by homorganic stops. E.g. noon→ [dud]
46
Q

What are the 2 types of voicing substitutions? (and provide example of each)

A
  1. Voicing: Substitution of a Voiced sound for a Voiceless. E.g. two →[du]
    E.g. pre-vocalic voicing errors: pig -> big
  2. Devoicing: Substitution of a Voiceless sound for a voiced sound.
    E.g. post-vocalic devoicing : pig->pik
47
Q

What are the 4 types of assimiliation?(and provide example of each)

A
  1. Labial assimilation: Non-labial sound becomes labial sound in the presence of a neighbouring labial sound. E.g. Swing swIŋ → [fwIŋ]
  2. Velar assimilation: Non-velar → Velar. E.g. Dog dɔg→ [gɔg]
  3. Nasal assimilation: Non-nasal → Nasal. E.g. Bunny → [mᴧni]
  4. Liquid assimilation: Influence of a liquid on a non-liquid sound.
    E.g. Yellow ˈjɛloᶷ → [lԑloᶷ]
48
Q

Which phonological processes are typically suppressed by 3 yrs?

A 
> (Unstressed) Syllable Del. 
> Final Consonant Del.
> (Velar) fronting
> Reduplication
> Assimilations 
> Prevocalic voicing
49
Q

Which phonological processes continue to exist after 3

A 
> Cluster reduction
> Epenthesis
> Gliding
> Vowelization (n/l -> Vowels)
> Stopping
> Depalatalization (palatal fronting) (shoe->sue)
> Post vocalic devoicing
50
Q

Which 2 fine motor control issues may create processes that exist after 3.

A
  1. Weak jaw control = vowels at word end (gooda); Glide from palate to alvelor = depalatalization;
  2. muscle force errors = stopping; cluster simplification-deleting marked sounds.
51
Q

How do we define a child’s first word?

A

relatively stable phonetic form, produced consistently, in a particular context, related to adult like word form, in a particular language.
[ba] for ball = first word; [dodo] for ball -not approximate adult form ≠ first word!

52
Q

What are Proto-words/quasi-words

A

“Invented words”, meaningful & used consistently , but ≠ Adult form. E.g. [gaga] for water (recall -TED video -gaga with prosody).

53
Q

In which stage are children said to acquire their first 50 words?

A

Stage 2- Linguistic stage (From 12-24 months)

54
Q

In the Linguistic stage comprehend more than they produce, or produce more than they comprehend?

A

Comprehension > production, (during this stage produces about 50 words but comprehends 200+

55
Q

What are the 2 key features of Segmental form Development?

A
  1. Phonetic Variability : Unstable pronunciations, words may be produced differently every time.
  2. Limitation of syllable structure: Early and common= CV, VC, CVC, and then CVCV (usually reduplicated), complex clusters and syllable/word structures later (e.g. CCVC, CCVCV , CCCV)etc
56
Q

Do children’s first vowels tend to be low or high? What is a possible exception to this rule?

A

LOW> First vowels tend to be bat(low) followed by boot, beat (high).Unless child has jaw control issues- then open-jaw may slide laterally - so jaw may be held higher as a compensatory strategy !

57
Q

First consonants in words tend to be ________

A

(bilabials) p, b, mFollowed by : k, t (tongue)

58
Q

Is the “r” as a rhotic vowel learned first in word final or word initial position

A

Word final (hammer /ɚ/ and /ɝ/)

59
Q

What consonants are learned between 12-15 months?

A

Initial – b, d, h, (m); Final – (usually none)

60
Q

What consonants are learned between 18 -24 months

A

Initial – b, d, h, m, n, w; Final – t

61
Q

By 24 months + children should have which consonants (Below average if they don’t)

A

Initial – b, d, g, t, k, m, n, h, w, f, s Final – t, k, n, s

62
Q

What other linguistic and language/cognitive development should we expect in a child by 24 months?

A
  1. Short sentences and phrases (1-4 words) with adult-like intonation 2. Consonants produced include nasals, alveolars, labials, stops3. Simple syllable shapes predominate (CV, VC, CVC, CVCV)Language/cognition: > Gesture and eye contact > Communication focused on the here and now> Symbolic play (since 12 months.)
63
Q

Which stage has the largest language growth?

A

Pre-School age: Stage 3 (~2-5 years)

64
Q

By how much does vocab increase from 18-35 months?

A

(6x change)> Expressive vocab increases from 50 to 150-300 words.> Receptive vocab increases from 200 to 1200 words. > Two-word sentences – beginning of syntactical development.

65
Q

how much has vocab increased by 5 years?

A

(8x change): Expressive= 2200 words Receptive= 9600 words; Basic grammatical forms are in place (questions, negatives, compound sentences etc). Pragmatics: polite and rude difference.

66
Q

Which stage focuses on the stabalization in production and supression of phonological processes?

A

School age: Stage 4: (5 years and up)

67
Q

Children aquire mastery of fricatives, affricates, and liquids during which stage

A

School age: Stage 4: (5 years and up)

68
Q

When are consonant clusters acquired? What about Morphophonology?

A

Cluster acquisition 3;6 to 5;6 years. Child may show Cluster reduction/epenthesis in this period. Epenthesis or schwa insertion may occur even in 8yr olds and some 9yr olds.>Morphophonology- patterns [Əz] for glasses and [s] for boats- continue to develop even later…

69
Q

Phonological awareness (PA) is a metalinguistic skill and requires what?

A

requires conscious awareness of language and sound structure- unlike other phonological abilities: e.g. attending to speech, discrim b/w sounds: conscious reflection not essential

70
Q

What are the 3 levels of Phonological Awareness?

A

(1)syllables, (2)onsetsandrimes, and (3)phonemes

71
Q

What is syllable awareness (4 parts) and when is it acquired?

A

By 3 or 4 years of age1. Segmentation (how many syllables in this word?)2. Completion/blending (ra + bit = ?)3. Identification, which part of dog house and hot dog are the same?4. Deletion: doghouse – delete dog what remains? Rabbit- Delete “ra” whats left

72
Q

What is Onset/rhymes in terms of phonological awareness? when is this acquired?

A

What rhymes with: Bell (tell, fish, cat)- 4 or 5 years

73
Q

What is phonemic awareness and when is it acquired?

A

a sub-skill within larger Phonological awareness > “Phonics” = match letters with sounds, use this information to decode (read) and encode (write) words.> Word awareness (how many words in the sentence?) >as young as 3 years of age

74
Q

What is segment awareness and when is it acquired?

A

> not stable until around 5 years for many>Detect different first sound or match first sounds> Isolate/Identify first sound> Completion -add last sound, Deletion -remove last sound> Reversals, Manipulations,

75
Q

Children up to 2 should be ____% intelligible

A

25-50% intelligible

76
Q

Children age 2:0-2:6 should be ____% intelligible

A

51-70

77
Q

Children age 2:7-3:0 should be ____% intelligible

A

71-80

78
Q

Children age 3:0-3:6 should be ____% intelligible

A

81-90

79
Q

Children age3:7-4:0 should be ____% intelligible

A

100%

Articulation (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions