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Ortho > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are 3 types of problems caused by protruding, irregular, or maloccluded teeth?

A
  1. psychosocial - due to facial and dental appearance
  2. problems with oral function
  3. greater susceptibility to trauma, periodontal disease, and tooth decay
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2
Q

what are 3 problems with oral function caused by malocclusion?

A
  1. difficulties in jaw movement, mastication, and swallowing
  2. temporomandibular joint dysfunction (muscle coordination - spasms, fatigue, and pain)
  3. speech
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3
Q

severe malocclusion is typically viewed as a social ___, whereas well-aligned teeth and a symmetrical skeletal pattern carry a ___ status at all social levels

A
  • social handicap

- positive

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4
Q

what is the correlation between teacher expectations for children with and without well-aligned teeth?

A

studies show that teachers expectations are higher for students with well-aligned teeth

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5
Q

what are some examples of physical differences in the mouth that can, but don’t always, have an affect on how sounds are made?

A
  • open bite
  • underbite
  • overbite
  • crossbite
  • missing teeth
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6
Q

patients with a skeletal class III malocclusion sometimes have difficulty pronouncing which two sounds?

A

F and V sounds

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7
Q

children with articulation disorders can be known to do one or more of what 4 things? why is this an issue?

A
  • delete sounds
  • substitute sounds
  • add sounds
  • distort sounds
  • older children and even adults who pronounce sounds incorrectly can be stereotyped as less intelligent or less capable than others; this can limit adults to career choices and can also distract listeners, causing communication breakdowns
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8
Q

what is the major reason people seek orthodontic treatment?

A
  • psychosocial problems

- others seek ortho treatment for malocclusion and TMD

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9
Q

T or F:

it appears that malocclusion usually affects function by making it impossible for the patient to function

A
  • false
  • it makes it more difficult for the patient to function, ie the patient may have to use extra effort to masticate to compensate for their anatomic deformity, or they may settle for less masticated food, which can result in poor digestion
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10
Q

what are the two types of occlusion?

A

physiologic occlusion and pathologic occlusion

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11
Q

which type of occlusion is when a patient does not necessarily have an ideal class I occlusion, but their occlusion adapts to the stress of function and can be maintained indefinitely?

A

physiologic occlusion

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12
Q

which type of occlusion is when a patient cannot function without contributing to the destruction of the dentition and oral facial complex?

A

pathologic occlusion

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13
Q

what ways can pathologic occlusion manifest itself?

A
  • excessive wear
  • TMJ problems
  • pulpal changes ranging from pulpitis to necrosis
  • periodontal problems
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14
Q

tooth movement caused by pathologic conditions is termed ___

A

pathologic tooth movement

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15
Q

malocclusion places more stress and strain on the entire dental facial complex, including what 4 things?

A
  • TMJ
  • musculature
  • dentition
  • supporting bone and periodontium
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16
Q

TMD is manifested as pain in and around the TMJ, which may result from ___, but more often is caused by ___

A
  • pathologic changes within the joint

- muscle fatigue and spasm (which can be initiated by malocclusion)

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17
Q

which malocclusion class places a distalizing effect on the mandible which can impinge on the retro-discal tissues of the TMJ, causing pain?

A

class II malocclusion (deep anterior bite)

18
Q

is TMD a reason for orthodontic treatment?

A
  • the relationship between dental occlusion and TMD is highly controversial
  • whether or not ortho treatment can cure TMD varies from patient to patient
19
Q

patients with TMD are classified as being in one or more of which four large groups?

A
  1. masticatory muscle disorders
  2. TMJ disorders
  3. chronic mandibular hypomobility
  4. growth disorders
    * from the perspective of potential ortho treatment in adults, differentiating between groups 1 and 2 is particularly important
20
Q

TMD symptoms arise from which two major causes? of the two causes, which is generally helped by orthodontics?

A
  1. muscle spasm and fatigue - may be helped by orthodontic treatment, but simpler methods like splint therapy should be attempted first
  2. internal joint pathology - ortho alone is rarely useful
21
Q

degenerative joint disease can be seen through what three conditions?

A
  1. arthritic involvement
  2. disc displacement - trauma or aging of the ligaments that oppose the action of the lateral pterygoid muscle are stretched or torn, so when the muscle contracts, the ligaments cannot return the disc to its proper position, and a resulting pop upon opening and/or closing is seen
  3. myofascial pain - develops when muscles are overly fatigued and tend to go into spasm
22
Q

T or F:

TMD is no more prevalent in patients with severe malocclusion than in the general population

A

true

23
Q

what are some non-surgical treatments for TMD?

A
  • stress control
  • stop gum
  • educate the patient about clenching and grinding throughout the day
  • anti-inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen, indomethacin, celecoxib)
  • splint therapy
24
Q

___ is used to help identify if the malocclusion is a possible cause of the patients TMD

A

splint therapy

25
Q

why is it important for splints to be full coverage of all teeth, either maxillary or mandibular?

A

because partial occlusal splint therapy can cause malocclusion, resulting in the need for orthodontic treatment

26
Q

what is the goal of splint therapy?

A

to create a bite plane where the patient can function by removing any abnormal occlusal interferences

27
Q

if a patient responds well to splint therapy, there is a good chance that the patient will respond well to altering the occlusion through ___

A

orthodontic treatment

28
Q

drastic alteration of the occlusion, by either restorative dental procedures or orthodontics, is logical only if ___

A

the less invasive stress-controlled approaches have failed (may involve orthognathic surgery)

29
Q

orthodontic treatment to alter the occlusion may be necessary so that the patient can better tolerate ___

A

parafunctional habits

30
Q

T or F:
those who have had symptoms of TMD in the past are always at risk of having their symptoms recur, whether splint therapy was used prior to ortho treatment or not

A

true

31
Q

T or F:

orthodontics is capable of changing both the occlusion and the TMJ

A
  • false

- it is only capable of changing the occlusion

32
Q

many TMD patients suffer from what disorders?

A
  • anxiety
  • depression
  • mental illness
  • ADHD
  • bi-polar disorders
33
Q

what are some examples of treatments which claim to help with TMD?

A

splint therapy devices, LED therapy, massage, ultrasonic, TMJ wedge, therabite, TMJ injections, arthrocentesis (remove joint fluids), surgery, etc.

34
Q

malocclusion, particularly protruding maxillary incisors, can increase the likelihood of ___ to the teeth

A
  • injury
  • there is about a 1 in 3 chance that a child with untreated class II malocclusion will experience trauma to the upper incisors (usually minor chips to the enamel, but sometimes more severe damage)
35
Q

what damage can be caused in a patient with an extreme overbite, where the lower incisors contact the palate?

A
  • significant tissue damage and bone loss to the lingual aspect of the maxillary incisors
  • this can lead to early loss of the upper incisors
  • this type of malocclusion can also result in extreme wear of the mandibular incisors
36
Q

crossbites and traumatic occlusions can cause what 4 things?

A
  1. extreme wear
  2. gingival recession
  3. bone loss on the misaligned teeth
  4. stress on the TMJ (can also influence growth of the TMJ)
37
Q

situations caused by crossbites and traumatic occlusions can be avoided by ___

A

early orthodontic intervention

38
Q

in what ways can malocclusion contribute to both dental decay and periodontal disease?

A
  • it is harder to care for the teeth properly

- however, the patient’s willingness and motivation determine oral hygiene much more than how well the teeth are aligned

39
Q

the presence or absence of ___ is the major determinant of the health of both the hard and soft tissues of the mouth

A
  • dental plaque

- however, bone loss and periodontal support can occur with teeth that are severely overlapped

40
Q

what is the correlation between orthodontic treatment and periodontal problems?

A
  • long term studies show no indication that ortho treatment increased the chance of later perio problems
  • but there is a greater risk of decay and white spot decalcification lesions around the braces during ortho treatment

Ortho (15 decks)

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