Lecture 1

Question 1

What are the six parts of the scientific method in order

Answer 1

1. make observations
2. generate hypothesis
3. more more observations, and conduct experiments
4. analyze data
5. support or refute hypothesis
6. publish in a scientific journal

Question 2

Mammalia is what in the organization of organisms

Answer 2

Class

Question 3

when did the first mammals appear

Answer 3

250 MY with the first dinosaurs and birds

Question 4

describe evolution related to mammals

Answer 4

1. change in gene frequencies over time
2. populations evolve NOT individuals
3. mechanism is natural selection

Question 5

what do cladistics rely on

Answer 5

shared derived characters: morphological and molecular

Question 6

what is cladistics

Answer 6

phylogenetic systematics

Question 7

is a pangolin a mammal

Answer 7

true

Question 8

placenta is a trait shared by ALL mammals

Answer 8

false (monotremata)

Question 9

Marsupials are only found in Australia

Answer 9

False (opossum)

Question 10

how many species of mammals are known to exist today

Answer 10

~5,000

Question 11

mammals evolved after the dinosaurs

Answer 11

False (same time)

Question 12

what is the most diverse order of mammals

Answer 12

rodentia (40%)

Question 13

which is the least diverse order of mammals

Answer 13

Tubulidentata (1 species)

Question 14

what living group (order) is most closely related to pelycosaurs

Answer 14

mammals

Question 15

what traits are unique to all mammals

Answer 15

1. hair
2. mammary glands
3. D-S articulation
4. Denture bone (mandible in humans)
5. three middle ear bones and eardrum (tympanic bone = angular)
6. teeth specialization
7. specialized teeth

Question 16

what is in the order Monotremata

Answer 16

echidnas and platypus

Question 17

what is in the order Didelphimorphia

Answer 17

opossums

Question 18

what is in the order Microbiotheria

Answer 18

ilaca

Question 19

what is in the order Dasyuromorphia

Answer 19

tasmanian wolf, numbat, dasyures

Question 20

what is in the order diprotodontia

Answer 20

koala, wombats, kangaroos, possums

Question 21

what is in the order Afrosoricida

Answer 21

tenrecs and golden moles

Question 22

what is in the order macroscelidea

Answer 22

elephant shrews

Question 23

what is in the order Tubulidentata

Answer 23

aardvark

Question 24

what is in the order scandentia

Answer 24

tree shrews

Question 25

what is in the order rodentia

Answer 25

rodents

Question 26

what is in the order Dermoptera

Answer 26

Colugos

Question 27

what is in the order Erinaceomorpha

Answer 27

hedgehogs, and gymnures

Question 28

what is in the order Moricomorpha

Answer 28

shrews, moles

Question 29

what is in the order Chiroptera

Answer 29

bats

Question 30

what is in the order solenodontia

Answer 30

solenodonts

Question 31

what type of data is categorical

Answer 31

qualitative

Question 32

what type of data is numerical

Answer 32

quantitative

Question 33

what are frequency distributions

Answer 33

histogram

Question 34

x-axis is what variable

Answer 34

independent (explanatory, cause)

Question 35

y-axis is what variable

Answer 35

dependent (response, effect)

Question 36

what is the three types of scatterplot

Answer 36

positive, negative, and no relation (shotgun)

Question 37

what is a good p-value and why is it statistically significant

Answer 37

less than 0.05; measure evidence against the null hypothesis

Question 38

what are error bars

Answer 38

measurement of variation (standard deviation, standard error)

Question 39

what are phylogenetic trees

Answer 39

cladograms, with characters. length does not equal time

Question 40

describe time in evolutionary classification

Answer 40

fossils can date characters, molecular clock links characters to time

Question 41

describe cladograms versus phylograms

Answer 41

cladograms- show branch order (length is meaningless) | phylograms- show branch order and divergence times

Question 42

how can we use the molecular clock to do dating

Answer 42

of nucleotide substitutions / time = mutation rate; then calibrate with fossil records

Question 43

why isn't the molecular clock perfect

Answer 43

naked mole rat lifespan is 28 years and the chinchilla is 7 years. they have the same generation time though