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BIOL 5370: Mammalogy > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the six parts of the scientific method in order

A
  1. make observations
  2. generate hypothesis
  3. more more observations, and conduct experiments
  4. analyze data
  5. support or refute hypothesis
  6. publish in a scientific journal
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2
Q

Mammalia is what in the organization of organisms

A

Class

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3
Q

when did the first mammals appear

A

250 MY with the first dinosaurs and birds

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4
Q

describe evolution related to mammals

A
  1. change in gene frequencies over time
  2. populations evolve NOT individuals
  3. mechanism is natural selection
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5
Q

what do cladistics rely on

A

shared derived characters: morphological and molecular

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6
Q

what is cladistics

A

phylogenetic systematics

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7
Q

is a pangolin a mammal

A

true

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8
Q

placenta is a trait shared by ALL mammals

A

false (monotremata)

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9
Q

Marsupials are only found in Australia

A

False (opossum)

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10
Q

how many species of mammals are known to exist today

A

~5,000

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11
Q

mammals evolved after the dinosaurs

A

False (same time)

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12
Q

what is the most diverse order of mammals

A

rodentia (40%)

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13
Q

which is the least diverse order of mammals

A

Tubulidentata (1 species)

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14
Q

what living group (order) is most closely related to pelycosaurs

A

mammals

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15
Q

what traits are unique to all mammals

A
  1. hair
  2. mammary glands
  3. D-S articulation
  4. Denture bone (mandible in humans)
  5. three middle ear bones and eardrum (tympanic bone = angular)
  6. teeth specialization
  7. specialized teeth
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16
Q

what is in the order Monotremata

A

echidnas and platypus

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17
Q

what is in the order Didelphimorphia

A

opossums

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18
Q

what is in the order Microbiotheria

A

ilaca

19
Q

what is in the order Dasyuromorphia

A

tasmanian wolf, numbat, dasyures

20
Q

what is in the order diprotodontia

A

koala, wombats, kangaroos, possums

21
Q

what is in the order Afrosoricida

A

tenrecs and golden moles

22
Q

what is in the order macroscelidea

A

elephant shrews

23
Q

what is in the order Tubulidentata

A

aardvark

24
Q

what is in the order scandentia

A

tree shrews

25
Q

what is in the order rodentia

A

rodents

26
Q

what is in the order Dermoptera

A

Colugos

27
Q

what is in the order Erinaceomorpha

A

hedgehogs, and gymnures

28
Q

what is in the order Moricomorpha

A

shrews, moles

29
Q

what is in the order Chiroptera

A

bats

30
Q

what is in the order solenodontia

A

solenodonts

31
Q

what type of data is categorical

A

qualitative

32
Q

what type of data is numerical

A

quantitative

33
Q

what are frequency distributions

A

histogram

34
Q

x-axis is what variable

A

independent (explanatory, cause)

35
Q

y-axis is what variable

A

dependent (response, effect)

36
Q

what is the three types of scatterplot

A

positive, negative, and no relation (shotgun)

37
Q

what is a good p-value and why is it statistically significant

A

less than 0.05; measure evidence against the null hypothesis

38
Q

what are error bars

A

measurement of variation (standard deviation, standard error)

39
Q

what are phylogenetic trees

A

cladograms, with characters. length does not equal time

40
Q

describe time in evolutionary classification

A

fossils can date characters, molecular clock links characters to time

41
Q

describe cladograms versus phylograms

A

cladograms- show branch order (length is meaningless)

phylograms- show branch order and divergence times

42
Q

how can we use the molecular clock to do dating

A

of nucleotide substitutions / time = mutation rate; then calibrate with fossil records

43
Q

why isn’t the molecular clock perfect

A

naked mole rat lifespan is 28 years and the chinchilla is 7 years. they have the same generation time though

BIOL 5370: Mammalogy (2 decks)

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