Lecture 1 Flashcards
What are the 4 main places that bacteria are found in humans?
Skin, Teeth, Gut, Vagina
What bacteria are commonly found on the skin?
Staphylococcus spp, Streptococcus spp, Corynebacertium spp
What bacteria are commonly found on the teeth?
Streptococcus sanguis, S.mutans
How many species of bacteria are there in the gut and what do they do?
Over 500, they aid digestion, providing vitamins K and B12 and crowd out harmful bacteria
What bacteria are found in the vagina and what do they do?
Bacteria from the lactobacillus family, these typically secrete lactic acid protecting from invaders such as candida albicans
What type of viruses remain in the human body?
Latent viruses and fossil viruses
What is a latent virus?
A viral infection that persists by remaining hidden in cells, and occasionally has symptoms reappear
What is a fossil virus?
An ancient virus that has become integrated into the human genome, approximately 1/12 of the humane genome is made up of fossil viruses
What are the 4 steps in Koch’s proof of germ theory?
The microorganism can ONLY be found in diseased organisms
The microorganism must be separated and cultured
The cultured microorganism must cause disease when injected into a host
the microorganism must the be able to be isolated from this host
What is symbiosis?
When two organisms live together in close association
What is Mutualism?
When a relationship is beneficial to both organisms
What is Neutralism?
Neither organism is affected by the relationship
What is commensalism?
When the relationship is only beneficial to one species
What is synergism?
when two or more microorganisms work together to cause disease
What is a pathogen?
A microorganism which causes disease
What is an opportunistic pathogen?
A microorganism which can cause disease in those with compromised immune systems
What are the 4 periods of illness?
Incubation. Prodromal, Illness, Convalescent
What is the incubation period of illness?
The time between infection and symptoms
What is the prodromal period?
The time where patient feels unwell but symptoms are not experienced
What is the Illness period?
The time in which symptoms are experienced
What is the Convalescent period?
The time in which a patient recovers
What re the 4 types of carriers of disease?
Passive, Incubatory, Convalescent, Active
What is a passive carrier?
A person who has the pathogen but has never had symptoms
What is an incubatory carrier?
A carrier going through the incubation phase
What is a convalescent carrier?
A carrier going through the convalescent phase
What is an active carrier?
A person who has fully recovered from the disease but still carries the pathogen
What are the 6 types of infection?
Localised, Systemic, Acute, Chronic, Latent, Secondary
What is a localised infection
An infection that is contained at the infection site
What is a systemic infection
When the pathogen spreads throughout the body
What is an acute infection?
An infection with rapid onset and recovery
What is a chronic infection?
An infection with slow onset and slow recovery
What is a latent infection?
When the pathogen is not completely eradicated and has the potential to cause future symptoms
What is a secondary infection?
disease that follows primary infection
What is the key difference between microbial intoxication and infectious disease?
Infectious disease is caused by a pathogen and microbial intoxication is caused by a toxin produced by a microbe and ingested by a person
What are the steps in pathogensis of infectious disease?
entry, attachment, multiplication, spread, evasion of immune system, damage it host tissue
What are the 6 virulence factors?
Promote attachment to host cells Help bacteria to enter host cell Damage host cell/tissue Help bacteria to spread from local infections Over stimulate immune response Mediate immune invasion
What are the 7 immune evasion factors of bacteria?
Capsules (to prevent oponisation and phagocytosis) Destruction of phagocytes Inhibition of phagocyte chemotaxis Inhibition of phagocytosis Destruction of complement factors Destruction of immunoglobulins Intracellular replication
