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the reproductive system > lecture 1 > Flashcards

lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the ductus deferens?

A

a narrow muscular duct that carries sperm from the epididymis in the testis to the ejaculatory duct.

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2
Q

what are the seminal glands?

A

an elongated structure (of about 5cm in length) that lies between the funds of the bladder and the rectum. Secrete an alkaline fluid that contains fructose (energy source for the sperm) and a coagulating agent. This fluid is mixed with the sperm from the ductus deferns as it enters the ejaculatory ducts and urethra.

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3
Q

what are the ejaculatory ducts?

A

slender ducts that arise from the union of the ducts of the seminal glands and the ductus deferens. Approximately 2.5cm long, they traverse the glandular prostrate but prostatic secretions do not join the seminal fluid until the ejaculatory ducts have terminated in the prostatic urethra.

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4
Q

what is the prostate and its functions?

A

the prostrate base is located next to the neck of the bladder and the apex is located next to the urethral sphincter, on the superior aspect of the perineal membrane. The prostate produces a milky substance which provides about 20% of the volume of semen and plays a role in activating the sperm.

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5
Q

Bulbo-Urethral glands

A

pea-sized glands located poster-lateral to the intermediate urethra, joined by ducts. Produce mucus which enters the urethra during sexual arousal.

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6
Q

what is the tunica vaginalis?

A

a double layered peritoneal sac that covers each testi.

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7
Q

what are the seminiferous tubules?

A

tubules which are long and highly coiled where the sperm are produced in the testes.

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8
Q

what is the epididymis?

A

very tightly coiled ducts which form a elongated structure that lies on the posterior surface of the testis. sperm passes from the seminiferous tubules into the epididymis then into the ductus defers which begins to form at the tail of the epididymis. Through the epididymis the sperm are stored and continue to mature.

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9
Q

what is the scrotum?

A

a cutaneous sac which suspends the testes outside the body. The skin is rugs and contains smooth muscle. It has a midline raphe and is divided by a septum.

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10
Q

what are the male gonads?

A

the testes

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11
Q

what are the ovaries?

A

the female gonads where the oocytes (eggs) are produced

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12
Q

what is oogenesis?

A

the process of producing oocytes

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13
Q

where is each ovary located?

A

each ovary is suspended by a short peritoneal fold (mesovarium)

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14
Q

uterine tubes

A

also called fallopian tubes.. conduct the oocyte into the uterine cavity during monthly ovulation by the fimbriated end of the uterine tube.

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15
Q

uterus

A

thick walled, pear shaped organism which is the main reproductive organ in females in which a foetus develops.

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16
Q

fundus of the uterus

A

the rounded part of the uterus that lies above the bladder.

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17
Q

cervix

A

narrow inferior third of the uterus. Located between the bladder and rectum.

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18
Q

What is gonadotropin releasing hormone? (GnRH)

A

a hypothalamic signalling molecule, secreted in the hypothalamus.

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19
Q

where exactly is GnRH produced?

A

in the hypothalamus in the pre optic nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus.

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20
Q

how is GnRH produced?

A

It is secreted as a pro hormone into the hypophyseal portal circulation to anterior pituitary gonadotrobes.

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21
Q

Why is GnRH release pulsatile?

A

this requires less energy, doesn’t desensitise target tissue receptors.

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22
Q

What do the Gonadotrobes secrete?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinising hormone (LH) which are pituitary hormones and target the gonads.

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23
Q

which hormones do the ovaries secrete?

A

oestrogen and progestins.

24
Q

what are the stages of follicle development which takes place in an ovary?

A

primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary and graafian follicles.

25
Q

what are theca cells?

A

the superficial layer of cells on a follicle (external and internal); have LH receptors; convert cholesterol into prenenolone, then produce androstenedione and testosterone which pass onto granulosa cells.

26
Q

where are granulosa cells located?

A

in a follicle, deep to the layer of theca cells

27
Q

during which stages of follicle development does the layer of granulosa cells increase in size and number?

A

between primary and secondary development.

28
Q

what type of receptors do granuloma cells have?

A

LH and FSH receptors

29
Q

what do granulosa cells do?

A

convert cholesterol into prenenolone and activate aromatase. Then produce androstenedione (this is actually produced in the theca cells and passed into the granuloma cells) , testosterone and estradiol

30
Q

when does oogenesis begin in females?

A

during the fatal stage of life the primordial germ cells (oogonia) increase in number.

31
Q

when does the oocyte numbers reach their maximum?

A

at 20 weeks after gestation.

32
Q

what are the three main types of oestrogen?

A

oestradiol, oestrone and oestriol.

33
Q

what is the effect of oestrogen on bone?

A

growth via osteoblasts

34
Q

what is the effect of oestrogen on the endocrine system?

A

increase in progesterone responses

35
Q

what is the effect of oestrogen on the liver?

A

increase in clotting factors, increase in steroid-binding proteins; decrease in total LDL; increase in HDL

36
Q

what is the effect of oestrogen on the reproductive system?

A

increase in uterine growth, vaginal and fallopian tube growth, breast growth,cervical mucus secretion and LH receptors on granuloma cells

37
Q

which hormones produced from the ovaries provide negative feedback to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gonadotropes before the mid cycle?

A

oestrogen’s, progestins and inhibins

38
Q

which hormones produced from the ovaries provide positive feedback to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gonadotropes before the mid cycle?

A

oestrogens progestins and alctivins

39
Q

what is the mid-cycle shift from negative to positive feedback caused by and results in?

A

caused by up regulation of receptors (GnRH in anterior pituitary) when oestrogen levels are increased and results in a huge of LH and FSH prior to ovulation.

40
Q

what are progestins?

A

progesterone produced in theca and granuloma cells. Has a short half life (5 mins) in circulation; secretion is intrinsically linked to oestrogen secretion.

41
Q

what is the effect of progestins on the breast?

A

increase in lobular development, decrease in milk production

42
Q

what is the effect of progestins on the reproductive organs?

A

decrease in endometrial growth, increase in endometrial secretions, mucosal secretions become thicker, increase in internal temperature

43
Q

what two phases is the menstrual cycle made up of?

A

the ovarian cycle and the endometrial cycle

44
Q

what two different phases is the ovarian cycle divided into?

A

follicular phase and luteal phase

45
Q

what happens in the follicular phase?

A

the main result is the development of mature grain follicle and secondary oocyte

46
Q

what divides the follicular and luteal phases?

A

ovulation

47
Q

what happens during the luteal phase?

A

dominated by corpus luteum action - synthesis and secretion of oestrogen and progesterone needed for implantation and mainatence of any fertilised eggs

48
Q

what are the three different phases of the endometrial cycle?

A

proliferative phase, secretory phase and menstruation.

49
Q

what happens during the proliferative phase of the endometrial cycle?

A

endometrial growth is mediated by increased oestrogen. From 1-2mm to 8-10mm thick. Blood vessel and gland growth occur. ovulation marks end of phase.

50
Q

what happens during the secretory phase of the endometrial cycle?

A

maturation, not growth, of endometrium due to decreasing oestrogen. Mucus glands more fully develop. Glands and blood vessels increase surface area.

51
Q

what happens during menstruation?

A

If no conception, the endometrial lining is replaced. Vasoconstriction of serial arteries; local ischaemic injury and inflammatory cell infiltration

52
Q

which hormone promotes the production of milk?

A

prolactin

53
Q

which hormone promotes th release of milk?

A

oxytocin

54
Q

what are the leydig cells?

A

cells in the testis which produce testosterone and have LH receptors.

55
Q

what are sertoli cells?

A

cells in the testis in the seminiferous tubules which produce aromatase, due to FSH receptors which forms more estradiol which helps to regulate protein synthesis in the nucleus of the leydig cells

56
Q

what are the different stages of spermatogenesis?

A

Spermatogonia; primary spermatocytes; secondary spermatocytes; spermatids; spermatozoa. Regulated by testosterone

57
Q

which hormones produced by the testes provide negative feedback control to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gonadotropes?

A

testosterone and inhibit

the reproductive system (1 decks)

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