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Homeostasis And Anatomy > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Anatomy

A

Up (ana) cutting (tome)

“The branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals and other organisms”

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2
Q

4 subdivisions of Anatomy

A

1.Gross Anatomy- examination without microscope

  1. Microscopic annoying
    •Histology - Tissues
    •Cytology- Cells
  2. Developmental Anatomy- changes from a fertilised egg to adult
  3. Pathology- changes associated with disease
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3
Q

Define Physiology

A

Nature (physis) study of (logia)

“The branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts”

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4
Q

3 subdivisions of physiology

A
  1. Cell physiology- functional interaction of cells
  2. Systematic physiology- functional interaction of organs that make a system
  3. Pathalogical Physiology- function affects cause by disease on an organ or system
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5
Q

Define the term anatomical position?

A

Reference point for all anatomical nomenclature

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6
Q

State anatomical position

A
  1. Upright posture
  2. Head eyes and toes facing forward
  3. Arms by side
  4. Palms facing upwards
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7
Q

What does superior mean?

A

Towards the head

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8
Q

What does inferior mean?

A

Away from the head

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9
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

Towards the back of the body

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10
Q

Anterior

A

Toward the front of the body

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11
Q

Lateral

A

away from the midline of the body

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12
Q

Medial

A

Towards the midline of the body

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13
Q

Internal

A

Away from the surface of the body

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14
Q

External

A

Towards or on the surface of the body

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15
Q

Central

A

AT or near the centre of the body or organ

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16
Q

Peripheral

A

External to or away from the the centre of the body or organ

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17
Q

Proximal

A

Part of an extremity which is closer to the point of attachment to the trunk

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18
Q

Distal

A

Part of an extremity which that is futher to the point of attatchment to the trunk

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19
Q

Parietal

A

Pertaining to the outer boundary of a body cavity

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20
Q

Visceral

A

Pertaining to the internal organs

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21
Q

Main organ systems in the body

A 
Endocrine 
Cardiovascular 
Respiratory 
Digestive 
Urinary
22
Q

The endocrine system definition

A

The second coordinating and integrating system of the body

23
Q

What 4 actions does the endocrine system do?

A
  1. Maintain homeostasis
  2. Control storage and Utilisation of energy
  3. Regulation of growth development and reproduction
  4. Respond to environmental stimuli
24
Q

Endorcrine system sends signals via hormones, what’s the definition of hormones?

A

Specific chemical messenger molecules that regulate the activity of cells and organs in the body

25
Q

How are hormones synthesised and secreted ?

A

By cell in endrocrine glands, first messenger

26
Q

Hormones are defined on their chemical structures, name the 3 different types?

A

Steroid Hormones (includes the sex hormones all of which are made of lipids made from cholesterol

Amino acid derivatives - like adrenaline, derive from aminco acids , especially tyrosine

Peptide hormones- (like insulin) which is the most numerous/diverse group of hormones

27
Q

What are the 4 types of intercellular signaling?

A
  1. Endocrine
  2. Paracrine
  3. Autocrine
  4. Signalling via attatchment molecules
28
Q

Define endocrine communication?

A

The activity of hormones of coordinating cellular activities in tissues in distant portions of the body.

29
Q

Endocrine communication

Transmission:

Chemical mediators :

Distribution of effects:

A

Transmission; through the bloodstream

Chemical mediators: hormones

Distribution of effects: target cells are primarily in other tissues and organs and must have appropriate receptors

30
Q

Define paracrine signalling

A

The signalling and target cells are close together

31
Q

Paracrine signalling

transmission:

Chemical mediators:

Distribution:

A

Transmission: Through extra cellular fluid

Chemical mediators: paracrine factors

Distribution affects: limited to local area, target cells must have appropriate receptors

32
Q

Define autocrine signalling

A

The signalling and target cell are the same

33
Q

Main endocrine glands

A 
Pineal Gland - (melatonin) 
Thymus - (T lymphocytes)
Pituary gland 
Adrenal gland 
Pancreas 
Testes
Ovaries
34
Q

Pituary gland hormones produced

A

Growth hormones

Gondadrophins - development of overies and testies

Anti diuretic hormones - increases reabsorbtion of water

35
Q

Thyroid gland hormones

A

Thyroxine- controls rate of metabolism and rate glucose is used in respiration

36
Q

Pancreas hormones and functions

A

Insulin- Coventry excess glucose into glycogen in liver

Glucagon- Converts glucogen back in glucose in live

37
Q

Posterior pituary gland realises anti diuretic hormone which reabsorbs fluid . What happens if this goes wrong?

A

Diabetes Insipidus

  • increased urination
  • Increased fluid intake
38
Q

Common glucose levels after normal mean and after meals

A

Normal glucose levels after normal meal are 4-7mM

After heavy meal glucose levels rarely exceed 10mM

39
Q

ATP demands fluctuate…

Two hormones regulate glucose levels from the pancreas

A

Insulin - glucose into glycogen

Glucagon- glycogen into glucose

40
Q

The pancreas have 2 important cells name them and their fictions

A

B islets of langerhaan

When blood glucose levels are high they release insulin which lowers BG level by storing glucose as glycogen fat and proteins

A islets of langerhaan

Produce glucagon when BG are low which increases Bg levels by breakdown of glycogen into glucose

41
Q

Define hyperglycaemia

A

The presence of abnormally high glucose levels in the blood in general is called hyperglycaemia

42
Q

Hyperglycaemia

A

When BG levels are ansmormally low

43
Q

What keep blood glucose levels constant when there’s excess glucose

A 
Change detected by B cells 
Increase in insulin secretion 
Activates enzymes converting glucose to glycogen 
Increase in uptake of glucose 
Levels return to normal
44
Q

Glucose In urine is called

A

Glycosuria

45
Q

Define diabetes Mellitus

A

Diabetes mellitus is characterised by glucose concentrations that are high enough to overwhelm the reabsorbtion capabilities of kidneys

46
Q

Characterise type 1 diabetes

A

Inadequate insulin production by the pancreatic beta cells, usually due to autoimmune attack on beta cells

47
Q

Characterise type 2 diabetes

A

Produce the correct amount of insulin but their tiessues do not respond to it properly , condition known as insulin resistance

48
Q

Homeostasis definition

A

The ability or tendency of an organism or cell to maintain a constant internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological process

49
Q

What’s the “internal environment”

A

Immediate surrounding of the cells

Intracellular fluid and Extracellular fluid

50
Q

What’s Extracelluar fluid

A

“The internal fluid that surrounds cells”

Plasma - fluid portion of the blood
Interstitial fluid- surrounds the cells but between plasma and cells

51
Q

What’s intracelluar fluid

A

“The fluid within a cell” (cytosol)

Ion concentrations are different then ECF to maintain concentration gradients

Homeostasis And Anatomy (1 decks)

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