Lecture 1 Flashcards
Define Anatomy
Up (ana) cutting (tome)
“The branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals and other organisms”
4 subdivisions of Anatomy
1.Gross Anatomy- examination without microscope
- Microscopic annoying
•Histology - Tissues
•Cytology- Cells - Developmental Anatomy- changes from a fertilised egg to adult
- Pathology- changes associated with disease
Define Physiology
Nature (physis) study of (logia)
“The branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts”
3 subdivisions of physiology
- Cell physiology- functional interaction of cells
- Systematic physiology- functional interaction of organs that make a system
- Pathalogical Physiology- function affects cause by disease on an organ or system
Define the term anatomical position?
Reference point for all anatomical nomenclature
State anatomical position
- Upright posture
- Head eyes and toes facing forward
- Arms by side
- Palms facing upwards
What does superior mean?
Towards the head
What does inferior mean?
Away from the head
Posterior (dorsal)
Towards the back of the body
Anterior
Toward the front of the body
Lateral
away from the midline of the body
Medial
Towards the midline of the body
Internal
Away from the surface of the body
External
Towards or on the surface of the body
Central
AT or near the centre of the body or organ
Peripheral
External to or away from the the centre of the body or organ
Proximal
Part of an extremity which is closer to the point of attachment to the trunk
Distal
Part of an extremity which that is futher to the point of attatchment to the trunk
Parietal
Pertaining to the outer boundary of a body cavity
Visceral
Pertaining to the internal organs
Main organ systems in the body
Endocrine Cardiovascular Respiratory Digestive Urinary
The endocrine system definition
The second coordinating and integrating system of the body
What 4 actions does the endocrine system do?
- Maintain homeostasis
- Control storage and Utilisation of energy
- Regulation of growth development and reproduction
- Respond to environmental stimuli
Endorcrine system sends signals via hormones, what’s the definition of hormones?
Specific chemical messenger molecules that regulate the activity of cells and organs in the body
How are hormones synthesised and secreted ?
By cell in endrocrine glands, first messenger
Hormones are defined on their chemical structures, name the 3 different types?
Steroid Hormones (includes the sex hormones all of which are made of lipids made from cholesterol
Amino acid derivatives - like adrenaline, derive from aminco acids , especially tyrosine
Peptide hormones- (like insulin) which is the most numerous/diverse group of hormones
What are the 4 types of intercellular signaling?
- Endocrine
- Paracrine
- Autocrine
- Signalling via attatchment molecules
Define endocrine communication?
The activity of hormones of coordinating cellular activities in tissues in distant portions of the body.
Endocrine communication
Transmission:
Chemical mediators :
Distribution of effects:
Transmission; through the bloodstream
Chemical mediators: hormones
Distribution of effects: target cells are primarily in other tissues and organs and must have appropriate receptors
Define paracrine signalling
The signalling and target cells are close together
Paracrine signalling
transmission:
Chemical mediators:
Distribution:
Transmission: Through extra cellular fluid
Chemical mediators: paracrine factors
Distribution affects: limited to local area, target cells must have appropriate receptors
Define autocrine signalling
The signalling and target cell are the same
Main endocrine glands
Pineal Gland - (melatonin) Thymus - (T lymphocytes) Pituary gland Adrenal gland Pancreas Testes Ovaries
Pituary gland hormones produced
Growth hormones
Gondadrophins - development of overies and testies
Anti diuretic hormones - increases reabsorbtion of water
Thyroid gland hormones
Thyroxine- controls rate of metabolism and rate glucose is used in respiration
Pancreas hormones and functions
Insulin- Coventry excess glucose into glycogen in liver
Glucagon- Converts glucogen back in glucose in live
Posterior pituary gland realises anti diuretic hormone which reabsorbs fluid . What happens if this goes wrong?
Diabetes Insipidus
- increased urination
- Increased fluid intake
Common glucose levels after normal mean and after meals
Normal glucose levels after normal meal are 4-7mM
After heavy meal glucose levels rarely exceed 10mM
ATP demands fluctuate…
Two hormones regulate glucose levels from the pancreas
Insulin - glucose into glycogen
Glucagon- glycogen into glucose
The pancreas have 2 important cells name them and their fictions
B islets of langerhaan
When blood glucose levels are high they release insulin which lowers BG level by storing glucose as glycogen fat and proteins
A islets of langerhaan
Produce glucagon when BG are low which increases Bg levels by breakdown of glycogen into glucose
Define hyperglycaemia
The presence of abnormally high glucose levels in the blood in general is called hyperglycaemia
Hyperglycaemia
When BG levels are ansmormally low
What keep blood glucose levels constant when there’s excess glucose
Change detected by B cells Increase in insulin secretion Activates enzymes converting glucose to glycogen Increase in uptake of glucose Levels return to normal
Glucose In urine is called
Glycosuria
Define diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is characterised by glucose concentrations that are high enough to overwhelm the reabsorbtion capabilities of kidneys
Characterise type 1 diabetes
Inadequate insulin production by the pancreatic beta cells, usually due to autoimmune attack on beta cells
Characterise type 2 diabetes
Produce the correct amount of insulin but their tiessues do not respond to it properly , condition known as insulin resistance
Homeostasis definition
The ability or tendency of an organism or cell to maintain a constant internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological process
What’s the “internal environment”
Immediate surrounding of the cells
Intracellular fluid and Extracellular fluid
What’s Extracelluar fluid
“The internal fluid that surrounds cells”
Plasma - fluid portion of the blood
Interstitial fluid- surrounds the cells but between plasma and cells
What’s intracelluar fluid
“The fluid within a cell” (cytosol)
Ion concentrations are different then ECF to maintain concentration gradients
