Lecture 1 Flashcards
? gives rise to different organisms
structural organization
energy transformation
primary producers (photosynthesis) to primary consumers (herbivores) to secondary consumers (carnivores)
Two critical rich energy molecules
atp (phosphoanhydride bonds, sugar?, and ?) and nadph (nicotinamide, phosphate, ribose ? and ?)
sense strand
5’ to 3’
antisense strand
3’ to 5’
three properties of living systems
highly organized, energy transformation, self replicate
99% of atoms composed of these four elements
H, O, C, and N
other elements found in body
Ca, P, Cl, K, S, Na, Mg
trace elements
Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Mo, I, Ni, Se
what property unites H, O, C and N
electrons in outer shell. form covalent bonds by electron pair sharing.
electrons in H, O, C and N outer orbital
1, 6, 4, 5
? gives rise to macromolecules
metabolites
macromolecules give rise to ?
organelles and membranes
four complex structures of carbons
linear, cyclic, branched, planaer
inorganic precursors
carbon dioxide, water, ammonia, nitrogen, nitrate
metabolites
pyruvate, citrate, succinate, G3P, F16BP, 3PG
building blocks
amino acids, nucleotides, monosaccharides, fatty acids, glycerol
macromolecules
proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, lipids
supramolecular complexes
ribosomes, cytoskeleton, multienzyme complexes
organelles
nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, ER, golgi, vacuole
directionality of peptides
amino acids align in N to C direction.linear. vectorial
amino acid linkage
amide bond
directionality of polysaccharides
linear or branched. C4 is start. C1 is end. C4 is non reducing end. C1 is reducing end.
reactive part of monsaccharide
C1 (reducing end) due to aldehydes or ketones
