Lecture 1 Flashcards
What are stromatolites?
Fossils evidence of bacteria 3 billion years ago.
Laminated Rock formed by layers of Cyanobacteria
Paved way for aerobic life
When did robert Hooke live
1635-1703
What did robert Hooke do
First person to use term cell. Looked at cork, created own microscopes using concave mirror and bits to illuminate.nfrist person to describe microorganism (not knowing what he was doing)
What is the book called that Robert Hooke ,wrote and when was it published
Micrographia, 1665
Who was the pioneer who created the first official microscope and was the first person to describe bacteria.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
When did anton van Leeuwenhoek live?
1632-1723
What diameter did anton van Leeuwenhoek polish glass down to and what magnification could be achieve with it?
2-3mm diameter. 200-300x .magnification!
What was the term anton van Leeuwenhoek used to describe bacteria he saw after using a toothpick to collect plaque.
Animacules (1648)
When was louis Pasteur alive
1822-1895
What concept did Pasteur prove to be incorrect
Spontaneous generation - things just happen
Describe an experiment conducted by Louis Pasteur
Swan necked flask experiment
1- non sterile liquid poured into flask
2- neck of flask drawn out into flame
3- liquid sterilised by heating (air forced out open end)
4- liquid cooled slowly (dust and microorganisms trapped in bend of flask)
5- liquid remain sterile for years with an open end
6- flask tipped so microorganism-laden dust contact sterile liquid
7- short time, microorganisms grow in liquid
What method that is still used today did Pasteur create to stop the conversion of wine to vinegar (ethanol to acetic acid)
Pasteurisation
What does pasteurisation involve
Heat treatment to kill bacteria
How did Pasteur save the silk industry in France
Showed that silkworms can be attacked by bacteria
Name 3 diseases that Pasteur discovered were caused by bacteria
Showed chickens could get cholera, sheep get anthrax and rabies in animals
How did Pasteur save Joseph Miesters life?
He was bitten by rabid dog, Pasteur had been working growing viruses in rabbits spinal column and he attenuated it. He gave this to Joseph Miester and saved his life.
Who was the first to use the term virus
Pasteur
When was Robert Koch alive
1843-1910
What disease was Koch studying
Anthrax
Describe Kochs postulates
1-Microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease - not found in healthy organisms
2- microorganism isolated from diseased organism and grown in pure culture
3- cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced to healthy organism
4- microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated diseased experimental host and identifies as being identical to original specific causative agent
In the 1800’s what did they used to grow bacterial cultures on?
Potatoes
When was Ferdinand Cohn alive
1828-1898
What was Cohns main career
Botanist
What had Cohn been working on to classify organisms
On algae - wondered whether bacteria were plants as worked on Cyanobacteria have some primal cholorplasts.
What was Cohn the first person to do?
Describe bacterial shapes e..g coccus, streptococcus, rods.
What benefits does microbiology have to us
Help us purify water (sewerage, clean water)
Provide us with foods e.g. Bread sacchyomyoces, wine cheese.
Medicines (antibiotics - penicillin), vitamins
Main part of CONS cycles e,g, break down of carbon etc.
Biotechnology - Archaea used in pcr etc
how is microbiology harmful to us
Infectious disease kill more people worldwide than cancer and heart disease,
9.5 million people die each year due to infectious diseases.
Development of new, virulent and resistant infectious agents
In past 50 years more people have died from malaria, TB and AIDS than in all wars.
What can microbiology affect,
Personality, body shape, obesity etc,
How many years ago did microbes come to earth
3 billion
