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BIO 1030 > Lecture 1-5 > Flashcards

Lecture 1-5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is taxnomoy?

A

The discipline of naming and categorizing organisms based on shared traits.

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2
Q

What are the types of shared traits in taxonomy?

A

Morphological, developmental, molecular

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3
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

The evolutionary history of species or group of related species

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4
Q

What are nodes? (On a phylogeny tree)

A

Branch points that represent a common ancestor.

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5
Q

What is (the discipline of) systematics?

A

Classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships.

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6
Q

What are the 4 categories to organize evolutionary relationships?

A

Fossils, morphological data, biochemical data, genetic data.

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7
Q

What are the 5 points of a phylogenic tree?

A

Branch point, sister taxa, ancestral root, outgroup, polytomy.

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8
Q

What are sister taxa?

A

Organisms (or groups) that share an immediate ancestor (on a phylogenic tree)

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9
Q

What is an outgroup?

A

A more distantly related group (of organisms) that serves as a reference.

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10
Q

What is polytomy? (On a phylogenic tree)

A

A branch from which two groups emerge.

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11
Q

Homologous structures.

A

Similar structures (may not be obvious), derived from a common ancestor.

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12
Q

Analogous structures.

A

Different structures (when looked at closely) with a similar function. Due to convergent evolution.

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13
Q

How are cladistics organized?

A

They are organized into groups based on common descent. So the group is the ancestor, and all of it’s descendants.

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14
Q

polyphyletic

A

includes distantly
related species but does not include their
most recent common ancestor`

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15
Q

paraphyletic

A

consists of an
ancestral species and some, but not all, of the
descendants

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16
Q

Shared ancestral vs shared derived character

A

Shared ancestor is a character that originated in an ancestor. Shared derived is a character novel to a particular clade

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17
Q

The Unikonta and what clades are included?

A

Supergroup branch of Eukarya. It includes the caldes Amoebozoans and Opisthokonts

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18
Q

Typical animal characteristics

A

Multicellular, no cell walls, can move, embryonic tissue (endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm)

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19
Q

What type of life cycle do animals have?

A

A diplontic life cycle

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20
Q

What are the gametes of animal cells called?

A

Sperm and egg

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21
Q

What are choanoflagellates?

A

The best outgroup for multicellularity (not multicellular but closely related)

22
Q

Phylum - Porifera. Talk about structure.

A

Sponges, have two cell layers (epidermis and choanoderm). Sponges are totipotent meaning they can regenerate and change cell fate.

23
Q

What phylum did radial symmetry likely evolve from?

A

Cnidaria.

24
Q

What are the two major early developments of Eumetazoan tissues?

A

Cleavage (mitotic division), and Gastrulation (Primitive gut and Blastopore)

25
Q

Are embryonic tissues diploblastic or triploblastic?

A

Diploblastic (endoderm and ectoderm)

26
Q

Clades vs Grades

A

Clades share a common ancestry, while grades share key biological features only. (no relationship between organism)

27
Q

What is two sided symmetry?

A

Bilateral symmetry

28
Q

Bilaterian symmetrical animals have what?

A

A dorsal top side and a ventral bottom side, right and left sides, and anterior front side and posterior back side

29
Q

Cephalization

A

Radial symmetry - Networks of individual nuerons (Ex. Anemone)
Bilateral symmetry - Clustering of neurons (Squid)

30
Q

Protostomia

A

Mouth forms first, anus might form later

31
Q

Deuterostomia

A

Anus forms first, mouth forms later

32
Q

Echinoderms (movement and symmetry)

A

Water vascular system, tube feet and water pressure enables movement. Most adult echinoderms have radial symmetry with multiples of five.

33
Q

Some animals under the Echinoderm clade include

A

Sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers

34
Q

Defining characteristics of the chordates

A

Notochord (provides strength and support), Dorsal hollow nerve cord (develops into the central nervous systems), Pharyngeal gill slits (allows for movement of water, Post anal tail (can be reduced during embryonic development)

35
Q

Three major clades of Chordates

A

Cephalochordate, Urochordata, vertebrata

36
Q

Cephalochordata

A

The lancelets, most basal group of living chordates

37
Q

Urochordata

A

The tunicates, chordata characteristic are only present in larvae stage

38
Q

Vertebrates

A

Animals with vertebrae and skulls

39
Q

Body cavities (and the three grades of organization in triploblasts)

A

Coelomates (cavity is lined with medoderm), Pseudocoelomates (body cavity partially lines by tissue derived from mesoderm), and Acoelomates

40
Q

Lophotrochozoa

A

The widest range of animal body forms, includes the great Molluscs.

41
Q

What are four major classes of Molluscan clades

A

Gastropods (snails and slugs) Bivalvia, Polyplacophora, and Cephalopoda

42
Q

Annelida

A

Phylum containing worms

43
Q

Clade Errantia

A

Annelid clade. Scale worms that are actively mobile, Parapodia and palps achieve locomotion

44
Q

Clade Sedentaria

A

Less active segmented worms (tubeworms, earthworms)

45
Q

Brachiopoda

A

Phylum, member of the Lophotrochozoan clade, Has a lophophore that is used to capture food. Attached to sea floor.

46
Q

Platyhelminthes

A

Phylum. AKA flatworms. Live in marine/fresh water. No body cavity

47
Q

Nematoda

A

Phylum. Contains the round worms. Most common animal on earth. Parasitic lifestyles.

48
Q

Arthropods.

A

Twp of every three known species are arthropods. Body plan consists of segmented body, hard exoskeleton, jointed appendages

49
Q

Crustacea (include body groupings)

A

Includes two segment groupings - Cephalothorax (pairs of antennae, walking legs) and Abdomen/tail

50
Q

Hexopoda clade. And what do they undergo as they transform from larvae to adult.

A

Evolution of flight occurs here. Includes insects and their six legged kin. Undergo metamorphosis to transform from larva to adult.

BIO 1030 (6 decks)

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