Lecture 1 Flashcards
Define: Route of Administration
How a drug is introduced into a biological system (oral, intravenous, etc)
Define: Oral Administration
Being introduced into a biological system via the mouth
Define: Parenteral
Any way of administering a drug that is not oral
Define: Subcutaneous
Under the skin
Define: Intraperitoneal
Into the peritoneal-abdominal cavity
Define: Intravenous
Into the venous system (veins)
Define: Intracerebroventrical
Into the cerebral ventricular system
Define: Intracerebral
Into the brain parenchyma
Define: Bioavailability
How much of the drug that is administered actually reaches its target
Define: Absorption
How much of the drug is taken into the blood system via the gut
Define: Blood-Brain Barrier
a filtering mechanism of the capillaries that carry blood to the brain and spinal cord tissue, blocking the passage of certain substances.
Define: Stability of a drug (once it is absorbed)
How rapidly it is metabolized to inactive congeners or eliminated from the body through urine, bile, or exhaled air
Define: Prodrugs
Drugs that must be converted into active metabolites before they can exert their biological effects
Define: Pharmacokinetic
the study of the time course of drug absorption, distribution, metabo- lism, and excretion
Define: Pharmacodynamic
the branch of pharmacology concerned with the effects of drugs and the mechanism of their action.
Define: Pharmacogenetics
Describes the influence of an individuals genes in determining the response to a given drug
Define: Binding
When a drug becomes attached to or reactive with a protein of some kind (membrane, channels, etc)
Define: Allosteric
relating to or denoting the alteration of the activity of a protein through the binding of an effector molecule at a specific site.
Define: Ligand
The chemical that binds to a protein. For these studies, this is the drug of interest.
Define: Specific Binding
Binding of the ligand that is specific to its target protein
Define: Stereoselective
Specific binding for only one stereoisomer of a drug
Define: Saturable
A limited amount of ligand binding occurs because the amount of the specific target is limited
Define: Steady State
When ligand binding achieves a state of equilibrium (# of bound/unbound receptors stops changing)
Define: Non-Specific Binding
Binding that occurs not on the target protein. This is not saturable.
Define: Affinity
How attracted the ligand and protein are to each other (how likely they are to bind)
Define: Scatchard Plot
A graph. Ratio of bound ligand to free ligand (y-axis) is plotted as a function of bound ligand (x-axis)
Define: Competition Curves
A graph. Describes the ability of a drug to compete with a radioligand in binding to a tissue. y-axis = bound ligand (% of total), x-axis = log (drug concentration)
Define: Competitive Binding
When the competing drug and the radioligand bind to the same site of the target protein
Define: Non-Competitive Binding
When the competing drug and the radioligand bind to different sites of the target protein
Define: Receptor Autoradiography
Drug binding to tissues sections that provides critical data on the anatomic localization of a drug target
Define: Potency
The strength of the binding between a drug and its target
Define: Efficacy
The biological effect exerted on the target by virtue of the drug binding
Define: Agonist
Binds to a receptor and mimics the endogenous neurotransmitter by producing the same biological response
Define: Antagonist
Binds to a receptor and exerts a biological effect only be interfering with an endogenous ligand and preventing any changes
Define: Partio Agonists
When a drug binds to a receptor and elicits only a partial biological response
Define: Inverse Agonist
When it binds to a receptor, it elicits the biological response that is the opposite of that associated with an agonist
