Lecture 1

Question 1

Define: Route of Administration

Answer 1

How a drug is introduced into a biological system (oral, intravenous, etc)

Question 2

Define: Oral Administration

Answer 2

Being introduced into a biological system via the mouth

Question 3

Define: Parenteral

Answer 3

Any way of administering a drug that is not oral

Question 4

Define: Subcutaneous

Answer 4

Under the skin

Question 5

Define: Intraperitoneal

Answer 5

Into the peritoneal-abdominal cavity

Question 6

Define: Intravenous

Answer 6

Into the venous system (veins)

Question 7

Define: Intracerebroventrical

Answer 7

Into the cerebral ventricular system

Question 8

Define: Intracerebral

Answer 8

Into the brain parenchyma

Question 9

Define: Bioavailability

Answer 9

How much of the drug that is administered actually reaches its target

Question 10

Define: Absorption

Answer 10

How much of the drug is taken into the blood system via the gut

Question 11

Define: Blood-Brain Barrier

Answer 11

a filtering mechanism of the capillaries that carry blood to the brain and spinal cord tissue, blocking the passage of certain substances.

Question 12

Define: Stability of a drug (once it is absorbed)

Answer 12

How rapidly it is metabolized to inactive congeners or eliminated from the body through urine, bile, or exhaled air

Question 13

Define: Prodrugs

Answer 13

Drugs that must be converted into active metabolites before they can exert their biological effects

Question 14

Define: Pharmacokinetic

Answer 14

the study of the time course of drug absorption, distribution, metabo- lism, and excretion

Question 15

Define: Pharmacodynamic

Answer 15

the branch of pharmacology concerned with the effects of drugs and the mechanism of their action.

Question 16

Define: Pharmacogenetics

Answer 16

Describes the influence of an individuals genes in determining the response to a given drug

Question 17

Define: Binding

Answer 17

When a drug becomes attached to or reactive with a protein of some kind (membrane, channels, etc)

Question 18

Define: Allosteric

Answer 18

relating to or denoting the alteration of the activity of a protein through the binding of an effector molecule at a specific site.

Question 19

Define: Ligand

Answer 19

The chemical that binds to a protein. For these studies, this is the drug of interest.

Question 20

Define: Specific Binding

Answer 20

Binding of the ligand that is specific to its target protein

Question 21

Define: Stereoselective

Answer 21

Specific binding for only one stereoisomer of a drug

Question 22

Define: Saturable

Answer 22

A limited amount of ligand binding occurs because the amount of the specific target is limited

Question 23

Define: Steady State

Answer 23

When ligand binding achieves a state of equilibrium (# of bound/unbound receptors stops changing)

Question 24

Define: Non-Specific Binding

Answer 24

Binding that occurs not on the target protein. This is not saturable.

Question 25

Define: Affinity

Answer 25

How attracted the ligand and protein are to each other (how likely they are to bind)

Question 26

Define: Scatchard Plot

Answer 26

A graph. Ratio of bound ligand to free ligand (y-axis) is plotted as a function of bound ligand (x-axis)

Question 27

Define: Competition Curves

Answer 27

A graph. Describes the ability of a drug to compete with a radioligand in binding to a tissue. y-axis = bound ligand (% of total), x-axis = log (drug concentration)

Question 28

Define: Competitive Binding

Answer 28

When the competing drug and the radioligand bind to the same site of the target protein

Question 29

Define: Non-Competitive Binding

Answer 29

When the competing drug and the radioligand bind to different sites of the target protein

Question 30

Define: Receptor Autoradiography

Answer 30

Drug binding to tissues sections that provides critical data on the anatomic localization of a drug target

Question 31

Define: Potency

Answer 31

The strength of the binding between a drug and its target

Question 32

Define: Efficacy

Answer 32

The biological effect exerted on the target by virtue of the drug binding

Question 33

Define: Agonist

Answer 33

Binds to a receptor and mimics the endogenous neurotransmitter by producing the same biological response

Question 34

Define: Antagonist

Answer 34

Binds to a receptor and exerts a biological effect only be interfering with an endogenous ligand and preventing any changes

Question 35

Define: Partio Agonists

Answer 35

When a drug binds to a receptor and elicits only a partial biological response

Question 36

Define: Inverse Agonist

Answer 36

When it binds to a receptor, it elicits the biological response that is the opposite of that associated with an agonist