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Pedo/Ortho > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Chromosome

A

DNA coiled around histones, not visible unless compacted during replication

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2
Q

centromere

A

divides the chromosome into arms, depending where it is gives the shape of the chromosome. p= short arm q=long arm

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3
Q

diploid

A

2n (little n). one set form dad one set from mom

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4
Q

chromatin

A

dense chromosomes around hsitones

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5
Q

euchromatin

A

first level of dna packing. beads on a string

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6
Q

heterochromatin

A

second level of dna packing, coiled telephone cord

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7
Q

centrosome

A

organelle located near the nucleus in the cytoplasm that divides and migrates to opposite sides of the cell during mitosis. microtubules grow out called the mitotic spindle fibers

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8
Q

kinetochore microtubules

A

attach to the kinetochore of each chromosome (2 kinetochores per replicated chromosome) 1 on each side. many arms for each chromsome

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9
Q

polar microtubules

A

go to the center and overlap

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10
Q

aster microtubules

A

come of centrosome and branch away from midline. provide an anchor for the pulling motion

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11
Q

microtubules

A

alpha and beta tubulin subunits. plus end is away from centrosome. neg end is at centrosome. polymerization grows and depolymerization shrinks.

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12
Q

motor proteins

A

walk down the tubulin microtubules. energy dependant (atp). required for spindle formation (make it stable)

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13
Q

aneuploidy

A

abnormal chromosomes. hallmark of cancer. motor proteins help prevent this

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14
Q

cell cycle

A

S phase is dna synthesis 12 hours. M phase is mitosis and is 1 hour of the 24. g1, s, g2, m

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15
Q

interphase

A

g1, s, g2. gaps is for the cell to grow and get big enough to divide.

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16
Q

Mitosis

A

PMAT

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17
Q

prophase

A

start with thickening and coiling of chromosomes. mitotic spindle forms as centromeres migrate, nuclear envelope disappears.

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18
Q

metaphase

A

centrosomes are on opposite sides, chromosomes line up in middle, attach to a kinetochore microtubule

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19
Q

anaphase

A

sister chromatids separate. can from J or V depending on where centromere is. align at each pole.

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20
Q

telophase

A

chromosomes start to uncoil. nuclear envelope reforms around each set. cytokinesis splits the cell.

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21
Q

silent mutatons

A

no change in dna sequencing

22
Q

missence mutation

A

changes the dna sequence. can multiply over time causing a issue

23
Q

uncontrolled cell division

A

cancer. happens when mitotic checkpoints arent followed

24
Q

benign tumor

A

not cancerous, often can be removed and dont comeback

25
Q

malignant tumor

A

invade nearby tissues, and can metastisize

26
Q

metastasis

A

blood or lymph. regional (near original tumor) distant (far from original tumor). liver, lungs, bones, lymph nodes. need systemic therapy

27
Q

gene mutations

A

born with. increases chance of cancer

acquired. lifestyle habits. old, smoking, virus, radiation, ecct. inflammation, lack of excercise. obesity

28
Q

cancer test

A

oral surgeon, or ear/nose/throat surgeon. MRI, CT, PET

29
Q

TNM-T

A

t0/in situ
t1=1-2 cm
t2=2-4
t3=4+
t4a=moderate advanced local disease. not spread into nearby tissue. resectable
t4b= advanced local disease. spread into nearby tissue. non resectable

30
Q

TNM-N

A 
n1= ipsilateral lymph node less than 3 cm
n2a=ipsilateral node 3-6 cm
n2b=2 ipsilateral nodes less than 6 cm
n2c= contralateral node
n3= greater than 6 cm
31
Q

TNM-M

A

m0=no metastisis

m1=metastasis

32
Q

meiosis

A

take a 2n cell and get 4 1n haploids

33
Q

meoisis 1

A 
Prophase= produces genetic diversity through random arrangement and crossing over (chiasma). 
Metaphase= line up in pairs
anaphase= homolog pairs seperate
telophase= seperates to haploid 2N
34
Q

homolog pairs

A

lined up in meiosis one. called bivalent chromosomes and are said to be in synapsis

35
Q

meiosis 2

A

basically mitosis with no DNA replication

36
Q

ploidy

A

number of full single sets, not including duplicated. This is little n

37
Q

N (big N)

A

number of full single sets including replications

38
Q

primordial germ cells

A

cells that give rise to gametes in both males and females, in the yolk sac. 4-6 weeks they migrate from yolk sac, wall of gut tube, mesentery of gut, dorsal body wall. reside in loose mesenchymal pouches on . pGCs that get stranded on migration is teratoma.

39
Q

gametogenesis

A

producce gametes

40
Q

spermatogenesis

A

testes have spermatogonia. consatantly go through mitosis. support by sertoli cells. spermatogonia (diploid 2N) to primary spermatocytes (diploid 4N), secondary spermatocytes Haploid 2N), spermatids (haploid 1N)

41
Q

oogenesis

A

primary oocyte frozen in prophase 1. when signalled by hormone continues into 1 egg and 3 polar bodies. asymmetrical oogensis. secondary oocyte is large and gets the nutrients.

42
Q

fertilization

A

secondary oocyte (egg) is in metaphase 2 and only continues with a sperm.

43
Q

zona pellucida

A

glycoprotein layer prevents polyspermy

44
Q

cleavage

A

fertilized egg starts to divide. blastomere. 32 is morula.

45
Q

chromosomal abnormalities

A

50% of all conceptions aborted.

46
Q

Downs

A

trisomy 21. 95% from error in gametogenesis.

47
Q

nondisjunction

A

error in separating. correlated to age

48
Q

translocation

A

21 gets attached to a other chromosome (usually 14) 3-4% of downs

49
Q

robertsonian translocation

A

rearrabgement between 14 and 21

50
Q

mosiacism

A

extra 21 lost in cleavage. half cells have a different make up

51
Q

penetrance

A

degree to which syndrome effects patient. complete if you have the gene its full blown
incomplete degrees of severity

Pedo/Ortho (3 decks)

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