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Scientific Writing > Lecture 1-4 > Flashcards

Lecture 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Purpose of scientific writing

A

To inform, not entertain

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2
Q

Style of scientific writing

A

Brief, concise, technical

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3
Q

Tone of scientific writing

A

Object
Factual
Serious

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4
Q

types of scientific writing

A

Scientific journal articles (Research papers and Review papers)
Research notes/ commercials
Conference presentations
Research proposal
Magazine article for diverse background
Lab reports
Field notes
Sales and marketing materials
Progress reports
SOPs

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5
Q

How are scientific journals organized

A

Topic

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6
Q

What type of knowledge is in a scientific journal

A

Human

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7
Q

Why is it important to use peer reviewed or refereed journals

A

Experts scrutinize the experiment or theory for validity, this ensures competency and value. All inadequate is rejected

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8
Q

8 steps of publishing protocols

A
  1. Conduct a defensible experiment
  2. Produce a draft report (manuscript)
    3.Choose a journal
    4.submit your formatted manuscript to the editorial board of the journal
  3. Editors send manuscript for peer review
  4. Experts validate or reject your manuscript
    7.after it’s published others critically assess your work. Challenge or accept it
  5. You have the opportunity to defend your work
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9
Q

Research papers

A

Report original findings and organize them into conventional format

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10
Q

What does AIMRDAR stand for

A

Abstract, Interdiction, materials/methods, results, discussion, acknowledgement and references

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11
Q

What 4 reasons are research papers written

A

1.share new findings on new experiments or articles
2.build on what is already known
3.improve a method or adapt a method to a different research question
4.make a process easier or more efficient

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12
Q

Define review paper

A

Critical synthesis of the research on a particular topic

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13
Q

Why is a review paper read

A

1.keep up to date on current knowledge in a field
2. Learn about unfamiliar subjects

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14
Q

Writing style is the product of what?

A

The words you choose
How you put the sentence together
Length of sentences
How sentences are connected
The tone

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15
Q

Ineffective writing style

A

Reader works harder
Less informative
Less persuasive
Unethical if it confuses or misleads reader

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16
Q

Effective technical writing style is:

A

1.clear
2.concise
3.fluent

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17
Q

How to avoid ambiguous phasing

A

Write to allow for only one interpretation

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18
Q

How to avoid ambiguous pronoun references

A

A pronoun should clearly refer to one specific noun

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19
Q

How to avoid ambiguous punctuation

A

A missing punctuation mark can obscure meaning

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20
Q

How to avoid telegraphic writing

A

Eliminating too many function words to be concise can obscure the meaning

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21
Q

How to avoid ambiguous modifiers

A

If modifiers are placed far from what they are modifying the meaning can be lost

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22
Q

How to avoid overstuffed sentences

A

Crammed sentences make details hard to remember and relationships hard to identify
Give readers no more information then they need to retain in a sentence

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23
Q

How to make negatives positive

A

Positive expressions are easier to understand more straightforward and more persuasive

24
Q

How to write for conciseness

A

Make every word meaningful
Use only the words that are necessary to convey meaning clearly

25
Q

Two types of wordiness

A

Giving the reader too much information: eliminate irrelevant details
Using too many words to say the same thing:avoid repetition and redundancy

26
Q

Avoid needles repetition

A

Unnecessary repetition clutters writing and dilutes meaning

27
Q

Fight noun addiction

A

Norminalizations after accompany weak verbs and needless prepositions

28
Q

Clean out clutter words

A

Clutter words stretch a message without adding meaning

29
Q

How do you write for flow

A

Ideas flow logically
Ideas connect to enhance meaning
Sentence structure and length are varied to prevent monotony

30
Q

What is paragraphing

A

Each sentence conveys one idea: all sentences must support the idea
Requires a clear topic sentence: tells the reader what to expect out of a paragraph

31
Q

How do you arrange sentence order for coherence

A

Arrange sentences in a logical order
Build sentences on preceding sentences Sentences work best when the beginning looks back at familiar information and the end provides new information

32
Q

Why do you use transition words or phrases

A

Identify relationships between sentences

33
Q

sentence structure and length

A

Both length and structure should be varied
Length depends on complexity of ideas
Short sentences should be used for emphasis-> to many short sentences will make writing choppy -> combine short sentences for better flow

34
Q

Uses for tenses and third person

A

Previous studies: present tense
Your study:past tense
Perspective: third person

35
Q

What are the 4 present tenses

A

1 the simple present (I study)
2 the present progressive (I am studying)
3 the present perfect (I have studied)
4 the present perfect progressive (I have been studying)

36
Q

What present tense is required what one should be used

A

Simple present

37
Q

Why is the simple present used

A

To describe an action, an event, or condition that is occurring in the present
When the precise beginning or ending of a present action, event or condition is unknown or is unimportant to the meaning of the sentence
To express general truths such as a scientific fact
To indicate a habitual action, event or condition

38
Q

What are the 4 past tenses

A

1.simple past (I studied)
2. The past progressive (I was studying)
3.The past perfect (I had studied)
4.The past perfect progressive (I had been studying)

39
Q

What past tense is required what one is used

A

Simple past

40
Q

What is the simple past used to describe

A

An action, an event, or condition that occurred in the past, sometime before the moment or speaking or writing

41
Q

Why is the simple present and simple past required

A

To simplify writing and removes wordiness
Takes out ambiguity

42
Q

Writing perspective and what one is used in technical writing

A

Regular writing can use first, second, or third perspectives
Technical writing should always used third person

43
Q

What is an active voice

A

The subject of the sentence i performing the action

44
Q

What is a passive voice

A

The subject of the sentence is being acted upon

45
Q

Why is the active voice used

A

Makes writing more vivid
Uses string verbs
Adds clarity
Places responsibility appropriately

46
Q

What’s the technical writing conundrum

A

It’s easiest to write in the third person using passive voice
Allows the writer to place less emphasis on who

47
Q

What happens with the overuse of passive voice

A

Come across as very abstract
Boring and passive

48
Q

What voice to use in technical writing

A

Active voice as much as possible-> interdiction, results and discussion
Use passive when appropriate-> methods and materials

49
Q

Reading sequence of scientific journal articles

A

Use title to identify the article
Read abstract to determine it’s what you want
Skim paper to get general information

50
Q

What must you do when using article information

A

Always paraphrase, cite( incite and on reference page) this is to avoid plagiarism

51
Q

Keeping track of references

A

Record all reference information
Give each arrival a symbol

52
Q

Understanding scientific journal articles

A

Read it in detail
If you don’t understand use other sources to help you (review paper, dictionary, textbook, ect.)

53
Q

What does the interduction do

A

Outlines what is already known
Ends with goals/ objectives/hypothesis

54
Q

What is in the methods and materials

A

Gives an idea of the design of the experiment
Do not need to understand everything

55
Q

What is in the results section.

A

Figured and tables- they usually contain the most pertinent information

56
Q

What is in the discussion section

A

Summary of the most important finding
*Interpretation and explanation of the results
Possible reasons for unexpected results
Limitations of study major contributions to area of research
Where future research should focus
Where likely most the information is

57
Q

Different types of articles

A

Some arrivals may not describe original research
Some may be essays, discussions or reviews
They usually have Abstract, Interduction, Discussion, Conclusion, References

Scientific Writing (1 decks)

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