Lecture 1-4 Flashcards
What was split-brain operation used for and how?
Woperation used for treating seizures by cutting corpus callosum.
What is corpus callosum responsible for?
Exchange of information between the two hemispheres.
What is interpreter’s theory?
Our behavior is controlled by unconscious processes and our left hemisphere simply tries to make sense of the world by creating narratives.
What is a prokaryotic cell?
Cell membrane filled with cytoplasm, strands of DNA and ribosomes.
What is the function of ribosomes?
Creating proteins by linking together amino acids.
How was the first eukaryotic cell formed?
It ate a bacterium that later turned into a mitochondria inside of the cell instead of being broken down.
What translates RNA into proteins?
Ribosomes
What is golgi stain made of and what is it used for?
It is made of silver nitrate and potassium chromate and used to darken 2% of neuron cells as it crystallizes.
What are ion channels?
Specialized protein molecules that sit in the cell membrane and let specific ions through using a pore.
What does sodium-potassium transporter do?
Pumps three Na+ molecules out of the cell and two K+ molecules into the cell. Requires ATP to work.
What does voltage-gated sodium channel do?
Opens and allows sodium to flow in, propagating the action potential.
What does voltage-gated potassium channel do?
Opens and allows potassium to flow into the cell, restoring the resting membrane potential.
At what charge does cell membrane have to be in order for voltage-gated sodium channels to open?
Membrane potential has to be less negative that -40mV.
When do voltage-gated potassium channels open?
When the membrane potential rises above 0 mV.
On what factors does a size of action potential depend?
There are no factors, the size of an action potential always remains constant.
What is the rate law?
A law that states that the strength of a stimulus is represented by the rate of the firing axon.
What is a promoter in genetics?
part of DNA that initiates a transcription of a particular gene. they indicate what cells should read the gene and when.
What is the role of Astrocyte?
Providing physical support to neurons, and cleaning up debris in the brain through phagocytosis. They also help nourish neurons and control chemical composition of the surrounding environment.
What is the role of microglia?
Protect an immune system for the braina nd protect the brain from invading microorganisms.
What is the role of oligodendreocytes?
Production of myelin sheath which encapsulates axons. Oligodendrocytes may have up to 50 processes producing myelin sheath at the same time.
What is the role of myelination and how does it perfom its role?
Myelin sheath is used to increase the speed of action potentials. When sodium molecules enter the axon, they push other sodium molecules that are found in the axon, beneath the myelin sheath, propagating the action potential. When it is done, the action potential appears to jump from one node of ranvier to another
Define ligands
Signaling molecules that bind to protein receptors.
What type of receptors are ion channels?
Ionotropic receptors that are ligand gated.
What are metabotrpic receptors?
G-protein coupled receptors that open ion channels through intracellular signaling cascade.
