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BIOL 112 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

When did Prokaryotes develop?

A

3.5 billion years ago.

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2
Q

When did eukaryotic cells develop, and from what?

A

2 billion years ago, from prokaryotic cells.

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3
Q

Relative mass of prokaryotes to eukaryotes?

A

10:1.

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4
Q

2 domains of prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria, archaea.

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5
Q

What domain of prokaryotes often live in extreme environments?

A

Archaea.

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6
Q

Which out of bacteria/archaea/eukarya contain a nuclear envelope?

A

Eukarya.

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7
Q

Which out of bacteria/archaea/eukarya contain membrane bound organelles?

A

Eukarya.

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8
Q

Which out of bacteria/archaea/eukarya contain peptidoglycan in cell wall?

A

Bacteria.

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9
Q

What types of membrane lipids do bacteria/archaea/eukarya contain?

A

Bacteria and eukarya - unbranched hydrocarbons.

Archaea - some branched hydrocarbons.

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10
Q

Which out of bacteria/archaea/eukarya contains more than one kind of RNA polymerase?

A

Archaea and eukarya.

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11
Q

What is the initiator amino acid for starting protein synthesis in bacteria/archaea/eukarya?

A

Bacteria - formyl-methionine.

Archaea and eukarya - Methionine.

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12
Q

Which out of bacteria/archaea/eukarya contain introns?

A

Archaea - some genes.

Eukarya.

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13
Q

Which out of bacteria/archaea/eukarya have their growth inhibited by antibiotics streptomycin and chloramphenicol?

A

Bacteria.

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14
Q

Which out of bacteria/archaea/eukarya contain histones associated with DNA?

A

Archaea and eukarya.

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15
Q

Which out of bacteria/archaea/eukarya contain a circular chromosome?

A

Bacteria and eukarya.

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16
Q

Which out of bacteria/archaea/eukarya can grow at temps over 100ºC?

A

Some archaea.

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17
Q

What are pili composed of? And what do they assist?

A

Pilin. Assist bacteria in sticking to their substrate or each other.

18
Q

Many bacteria secrete a capsule. What does it contain?

A

Polysaaccharides.

19
Q

Do some prokaryotes have flagella? What protein is it composed of?

A

Some do, composed of flagellin.

20
Q

What does the bacterial cell wall do?

A

Protect cell against mechanical and osmotic shock.

21
Q

What is the bacterial cell wall composed of?

A

Peptidoglycan.

22
Q

2 types of bacterial cell wall?

A

Gram positive, Gram negative.

23
Q

How thick is gram positive cell wall?

A

40nm layer of peptidoglycan.

24
Q

Is the gram negative or gram positive cell wall more complex?

A

Gram negative.

25
Q

Which bacterial cell wall typically resembles the more dangerous and harder to kill bacteria, gram positive or gram negative?

A

Gram negative bacteria.

26
Q

3 examples of gram negative bacteria and what they cause?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis - blindness.
Vibrio cholerae - cholera.
Yersinia pestis - plague.

27
Q

3 examples of gram positive bacteria and what they cause?

A

Clostridium tetani - tetanus.
Clostridium botulinum - botulism.
Streptococcus pneumoniae - pneumoniae.

28
Q

Structure of gram negative cell wall from top to bottom?

A

Outer membrane with peptidoglycan proteins, periplasmic gel with peptidoglycan proteins.

29
Q

What drug is produced bacterially at Lancaster related to Alzheimers?

A

β-amyloid.

30
Q

4 modes of prokaryotic nutrition?

A

Photoautotrophs,
Chemoautotrophs,
Photoheterotrophs,
Chemoheterotrophs.

31
Q

What are photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs?

A

Photoautotrophs: Photosynthetic organisms using light to synthesise organic components from CO2.
Chemoautotrophs: Use CO2 as a C source, obtain energy from oxidising inorganic substances. - certain prokaryotes only.

32
Q

What are photoheterotrophs and chemoheterotrophs?

A

Photoheterotrophs: Use light to generate ATP, but must obtain carbon organically. - certain prokaryotes.
Chemoheterotrophs: Use organic molecules for both C and energy.

33
Q

Why are viruses not considered to be alive?

A

Can’t self-repair and don’t have an energy transduction system.

34
Q

What is a complete viral particle called?

What is a virus’ protein coat called?

A

Viron.

Capsid.

35
Q

What is the capsid made of?

A

Number of protein units called capsomers.

36
Q

3 most common shapes of bacteria?

A

Cocci (spherical),
Bacilli (rod-shaped),
Spirochetes (helical).

37
Q

4 shapes of virus, with an example of each?

A

Filamentous - Tobacco mosaic virus.
Spheroid - Adenovirus.
Tailed spheroid - Lambda phage.
Enveloped - Influenza virus.

38
Q

Describe filamentous virus.

A

Nucleic acid arranged in a helix, protein sub-units surrounding and stabilising it.

39
Q

Describe spheroid virus and tailed spheroid virus.

A

Nucleic acid condensed in a protein envelope - usually organised into multisided geometric shape.
Tailed spheroid same with a tail.

40
Q

Describe enveloped virus.

A

Like spheroid virus but with lipoprotein coat.

41
Q

What type of virus is ebola?

A

Filamentous, single-stranded RNA.

Helical capsid enclosed inside membrane.

BIOL 112 (6 decks)

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