lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is affected in atherosclerosis?

A

Arteries, NOT veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

response-to-injury-hypothesis

A

atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory & healing response of the arterial wall to endothelial damage. Lesion progression occurs through interaction of modified lipoproteins, macrophages & T-cells with the normal cellular components of the arterial wall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

atherosclerotic pathogenic events

A
  1. Endothelial injury (increased permeability)
  2. LDL accumulation
  3. monocyte adhesion->macrophages-> foam cells
  4. platelet adhesion
  5. recruiting factors released
  6. SMC proliferation & ECM production
  7. extra, intracellular accumulation of lipids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

media is composed of:

A

smooth muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

adventitia is composed of:

A

blood vessels (Vasoasum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

SMCs can go from media to ____ during inflammation

A

intima

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

in media, SMC

A

can not divide & do not produce ECM proteins

- only contract & relax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

scavenger receptors for modified lipoproteins & other receptors for

A

oxidized LDL & VLDL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

major components of atheromas

A

fibrous cap

core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

atheroma acute changes

A
  • rupture or fissuring
  • erosion & ulceration
  • hemorrhage into atheroma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

thrombotic occlusion in coronary artery is the most common cause of

A

MIs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

calcification

A

mineralization of the atherosclerotic plaauq recapitulates many aspects of bone formation
- stiff arteries; cannot respond to changes in BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

atherosclerosis manifestation

A
  • no symptoms
  • compensatory enlargement
  • stenotic occlusive disease
  • ectasia, aneurysm
  • thrombosis
  • rupture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

intermittent claudication

A
  • pain in calf when exercising

- arteries become narrowed & blood flow decreases in atherosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

atherosclerosis in coronary arteries

A

->MI and angina pectoris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

atherosclerosis in CNS

A

-> stroke, encephalopathy

17
Q

atherosclerosis in peripheral circulation

A

->intermittent claudication & gangrene

18
Q

atherosclerosis in splanchnic circulation

A

->mesenteric ischemia

19
Q

atherosclerosis in kidneys

A

->renal artery stenosis

20
Q

MI

A
  • pain in the chest radiating up to the jaw or down the left, or less often, right arm might signal a heart attack
  • necrosis of part of the heart
21
Q

angina pectoris

A

insufficient blood flow to the heart muscle from narrowing of coronary artery may cause chest pain.

22
Q

mesenteric ischemia

A

ischemia of intestines->necrosis

23
Q

preferred sites of atherosclerosis

A
  1. proximal left descending coronary artery
  2. proximal portions of renal arteries
  3. extracranial circulation of the brain
  4. the carotid bifurcation
  5. branching points of arteries
  6. abdominal aorta (posterior wall)
    - due to blood flow alterations (turbulent flow)
24
Q

what is the major cause of death & premature disability in developed societies?

A

atherosclerosis

25
Q

the mortality rate for ____ in the US is the highest in the world

A

ischemic heart disease (IHD)

26
Q

constitutional risk factors for atherosclerosis

A

age
gender
family history

27
Q

acquired risk factors for atherosclerosis

A

hyperlipidemia-hyperscholesterolemia
HTN
cigarette smoking
DM

28
Q

additional risk factors for atherosclerosis

A
  • inflammation, increased protein C as an biomarker
  • hyperhomocysteinemia
  • metabolic syndrome- insulin resistance
  • lipoprotein A, altered form of LDL
  • PAI-1 & thrombin increase
  • Type A personality