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Neurophysiology > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Medial Branch of the posterior rami innervates the _______ joint

A

facet

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2
Q

The ________ penetrates into the disc 40-50% of the disc’s thickness.

A

recurrent nerve

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3
Q

The _____ has only segmental reference for pain.

A

brain

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4
Q

The Type IV receptor causes a __________ response in muscle

A

tonic reflective

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5
Q

Three kinds of tissues that always have a high density of Type IV receptors are: ________

A

fat, collagen (connective tissue), blood vessels

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6
Q

Three kinds of tissues that have no Type IV receptors are: __________.

A

nerve, muscle, cartilage

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7
Q

In the progression of disc pathology, a herniation is still confined to annular fibers, a ______ is not.

A

prolapse

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8
Q

Nerve root irritation will cause an increase in _________.

A

sensation, motor reflex, pain

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9
Q

Clinically, 1-3 weeks after a prolapse _______ may be used to avoid adhesions.

A

articulation

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10
Q

To determine the type of ______, test the patient’s neurology, not the spinal nerve level.

A

pathology

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11
Q

Type I receptors are static and dynamic, and so sensitive they fire _________.

A

at rest

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12
Q

Type I receptors recruit _______ tonic postural muscles for stability.

A

arthrokinematic

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13
Q

Type II receptors recruit osteokinematic _____ muscles for coordinated dynamic movement

A

phasic

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14
Q

Type II receptors inhibit _______, with oscillating firing.

A

pain

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15
Q

The reaction to pain is first a ______ motor response, second a ______ response, third a ______ response

A

reflexive, perceptual, sympathetic

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16
Q

The general name for the transmitter substances that conduct pain is ________.

A

substance P

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17
Q

Four examples of specific transmitter substances _____,____,_____, and ______.

A

prostaglandin E
histamine
bradykinin
potassium ions

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18
Q

One example of a sympathetic response to trauma is vaso-________.

A

constriction

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19
Q

Two examples of target organs for a sympathetic response are ______ and _____.

A

blood vessels

glands

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20
Q

Inhibition of pain before it reaches the brain can be accomplished through dorsal horn or ______ formation

A

reticular

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21
Q

Stimulating the inhibitory interneurons of reticular formation is through a _______ afferent.

A

high intensity

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22
Q

Three examples of substances that will stimulate the facilitory interneurons of the reticular formation are ______, _____, and ______

A

caffeine
chocolate
yogurt

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23
Q

Afferents from receptors are forwarded to these areas of the brain: _____, _____, and _____.

A

frontal
parietal
temporal

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24
Q

Descending tract inhibition of pain utilizes the brain’s natural ______.

A

opiates

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25
Q

Three ways the opiates are transmitted peripherally are through ______, _____, and ________.

A

lymph
blood
axoplasmatic flow

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26
Q

Release of brain opiates is induced after ______ minutes of physical activity.

A

20-30

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27
Q

List 8 steps to production of manual therapy lesion

A 
collagen trauma
receptor damage
reduced muscle fiber recruitment
tonic fiber atrophy
reduced antigravity stability
motion around non-physiologic axes
acute locking
pain and guarding
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28
Q

________ are predisposed to locking

A

Hypermobilities

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29
Q

When a segment reaches threshold spillover, all _____ in that segment will fire.

A

Neurons

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30
Q

Segment in lesion has a ______threshold and ______reflex response.

A

lower

higher

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31
Q

Segment in lesion is a collector of afferents from above and below. This means a clinician’s articulation do not have to be ________ specific to inhibit pain.

A

segmentally

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32
Q

Brain is a segment that can facilitate or _____ a segment in lesion.

A

inhibit

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33
Q

Which nerve fibers are more resistance to ischemic conditions?

A

smaller diameter

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34
Q

basic nerve cell is….

A

neuron

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35
Q

nerve cell body contains….

A

nucleus surrounded by perikaryon

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36
Q

Processes with each possessing sensory receptor at the end are _____ whose function is to receive info from other neurons

A

dendrites

37
Q

_______ communicate with other neurons or target organs.

A

axons

38
Q

Envelop axons and provide metabolic and structural support to axons

A

Schwann cells

39
Q

Serve to greatly increase the conduction velocity of an action potential down the axon

A

nodes of Ranvier

40
Q

Action potential jumping from node to node

A

saltatory conduction

41
Q

_______ is directly related to speed in which the fiber can transmit an action potential

A

diameter

42
Q

______ fibers carry information into the central nervous system

A

Afferent

43
Q

______ fibers send impulses out.

A

Efferent

44
Q

Nerve fiber and Schwann cells are surrounded by loose connective tissue called ________

A

endoneurium

45
Q

Bundles of nerve fibers comprise a ______ surrounded by a ______.

A

fascicle

perineurium

46
Q

peripheral nerve contains more than one fascicle, then these are surrounded by _______.

A

epineurium

47
Q

______ primarily resists compressional forces, stretching, and ischemia.

A

perineurium (roots lack)

48
Q

Convert stimuli from the external or internal environments into afferent nerve impuslses

A

sensory receptors

49
Q

respond to stimuli from outside the body

A

exteroceptors

50
Q

respond to the skeletal system

A

proprioceptors

51
Q

respond to stimuli from viscera

A

Interoceptors

52
Q

receptors are branched or unbranched free nerve endings responsible for cutaneous temperature and pain

A

simple

53
Q

receptors involve the association with non-neural tissues to complete their funciton

A

complex

54
Q

responsible for regulation of muscle tone via the spinal-stretch reflex

A

neuromuscular spindle

55
Q

two types of intrafusal muscle fiber

A

nuclear bag

nuclear chain

56
Q

Afferent fiber course

A

spinal cord
synapse in DRG
splits in anterior and posterior ramus

57
Q

Afferent signals come into dorsal horn and synapse…..

A

lamina 1 and 2
synapse to lamina 5,6
then travel 3 paths

58
Q

1st pathway of impulse after synapsing in Basal Nuclei (lamina 5 and 6)

A

Interneuron to the ventral horn where is will synapse with motor nerve to generate reflex of flexor muscles of limbs and vertebral column generating guarding of tonic nature

59
Q

2nd pathway of impulse after synapsing in Basal Nuclei (lamina 5 and 6)

A

Cross over in the spinal cord and enter the lateral spinothalamic tract to ascend to brain for conscious perception of stimulus

60
Q

3rd pathway of impulse after synapsing in Basal Nuclei (lamina 5 and 6)

A
  • Intermediate lateral horn cells to synapse with gray rami communicantes of sympathetic nervous system
  • travel out of spinal cord and synapse with sympathetic chain ganglion
61
Q

What are the 3 different pathways for a impulse after synapsing in laminas 5 and 6?

A

Ventral horn for reflex response
Spinothalamic tract for brain perception
Intermediate lateral horn cells for sympathetic response

62
Q

_____ root is made up of sensory, or afferent, fibers bringing information from various parts of the body into the spinal cord

A

dorsal

63
Q

_____ root consists predominantly of efferent nerve fibers

A

ventral

64
Q

Medial branch of posterior primary rami innervates _______

A

facet capsule in spine, contralateral facet

65
Q

Upper cervical spine, facets can receive input from ______

A

5 segments below

66
Q

Mid cervical and thoracic spine, facets can receive input from ________

A

2 segments above and below

67
Q

Lumbar spine, facets can receive input from ______

A

1 segment above and below

68
Q

Tract of the recurrent nerve

A

Branches off the ventral root and exits intervertebral foramen with nerve root.
Collects sympathetic nervous system fibers and returns in the intervertebral foramen

69
Q

Recurrent nerve innervates…..

A 
anterior portion of annulus
posterior longitudinal ligament
anterior dura mater
multisegmental
contralateral also
70
Q

Produces increased presynaptic inhibitory blockade of inward flow of nociceptive input

A

Increased activation of cortical reticular neurons

71
Q

Enhances intensity of ongoing painful experiences

A

Increased activity of rostral reticular neurons

72
Q

______ is the neurotransmitter that deviates afferent nerve endings into the dorsal horn

A

Prostaglandins

73
Q

3 different major pathways for opiates

A

Cerebral spinal fluid
blood vessels
axo-plasmatic flow

74
Q

______ activation reduces the amount of ________ released by action potentials in primary afferent fibers

A

Enkephalin

Substance P

75
Q

Type I mechanoreceptors

A 
Low threshold stimulation
fires with motion and even at rest
one layer of collagen
provides proprioception
postural awareness
beginning and end range of tension
tonic reflexogenic effects
neck, hip, shoulder
inhibit pain
76
Q

Type II mechanoreceptors

A 
low threshold
deeper internal layer of capsule
provides kinesthesia with dynamic motion
beginning and mid range of tension
phasic reflexogenic effects
lumbar, foot, hand, TMJ
inhibit pain
77
Q

Type III mechanoreceptors

A

joint ligaments
high threshold
entirely reflexogenic
inhibitory toward motor unit activity of muscles

78
Q

Type IV mechanoreceptors

A

nociceptive
throughout capsule, articular fat pad, joint ligaments
threshold reached by abnormal tissue deformity

79
Q

unmyelinated C fibers

A

dull aching type pain more associated with arthritic pain

80
Q

A delta fiber

A

thinly myelinated

produces sharper sensation of pain that one might associate with tearing a muscle

81
Q

Chemicals to activate nociceptors

A 
lactic acid
potassium ion
5-hydroxytryptamine
polypeptide kinens
prostaglandin
histamine
82
Q

4 responses to pain

A

1- primarily an ipsilateral motor response
2- perceptual, stim crosses over the contralateral spinal thalamic tract
3- sympathetic
4- remove stimulus causing pain

83
Q

One’s conscious awareness of one’s static position of one’s joints

A

Postural sensation

84
Q

One’s conscious assessment of direction, velocity, and amplitude of joint movement

A

Kinesthesis

85
Q

Functions of the mechanoreceptors in the capsules of costotransverse and costovertebral joints:

A

1- conscious awareness of respiratory deficits when they are augments
2-reflexogenic function of paravertebral musculature, diaphragm activity, and intercostal muscles

86
Q

Chronic joint needs which type of mobs and why

A

Lost GAG, lost elasticity.
Elasticity is beginning range of collagen tension = no longer a beginning range.
Type I stretch at end range is better

87
Q

What is the result of dorsal horn inhibition?

A

decrease in pain
reduction in muscle guarding
normalization of sympathetic firing

88
Q

Experience of pain is generated by ________

A

second thalamic projection system

Neurophysiology (1 decks)

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