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Neurophysiology > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Medial Branch of the posterior rami innervates the _______ joint

A

facet

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2
Q

The ________ penetrates into the disc 40-50% of the disc’s thickness.

A

recurrent nerve

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3
Q

The _____ has only segmental reference for pain.

A

brain

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4
Q

The Type IV receptor causes a __________ response in muscle

A

tonic reflective

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5
Q

Three kinds of tissues that always have a high density of Type IV receptors are: ________

A

fat, collagen (connective tissue), blood vessels

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6
Q

Three kinds of tissues that have no Type IV receptors are: __________.

A

nerve, muscle, cartilage

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7
Q

In the progression of disc pathology, a herniation is still confined to annular fibers, a ______ is not.

A

prolapse

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8
Q

Nerve root irritation will cause an increase in _________.

A

sensation, motor reflex, pain

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9
Q

Clinically, 1-3 weeks after a prolapse _______ may be used to avoid adhesions.

A

articulation

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10
Q

To determine the type of ______, test the patient’s neurology, not the spinal nerve level.

A

pathology

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11
Q

Type I receptors are static and dynamic, and so sensitive they fire _________.

A

at rest

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12
Q

Type I receptors recruit _______ tonic postural muscles for stability.

A

arthrokinematic

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13
Q

Type II receptors recruit osteokinematic _____ muscles for coordinated dynamic movement

A

phasic

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14
Q

Type II receptors inhibit _______, with oscillating firing.

A

pain

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15
Q

The reaction to pain is first a ______ motor response, second a ______ response, third a ______ response

A

reflexive, perceptual, sympathetic

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16
Q

The general name for the transmitter substances that conduct pain is ________.

A

substance P

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17
Q

Four examples of specific transmitter substances _____,____,_____, and ______.

A

prostaglandin E
histamine
bradykinin
potassium ions

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18
Q

One example of a sympathetic response to trauma is vaso-________.

A

constriction

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19
Q

Two examples of target organs for a sympathetic response are ______ and _____.

A

blood vessels

glands

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20
Q

Inhibition of pain before it reaches the brain can be accomplished through dorsal horn or ______ formation

A

reticular

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21
Q

Stimulating the inhibitory interneurons of reticular formation is through a _______ afferent.

A

high intensity

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22
Q

Three examples of substances that will stimulate the facilitory interneurons of the reticular formation are ______, _____, and ______

A

caffeine
chocolate
yogurt

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23
Q

Afferents from receptors are forwarded to these areas of the brain: _____, _____, and _____.

A

frontal
parietal
temporal

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24
Q

Descending tract inhibition of pain utilizes the brain’s natural ______.

A

opiates

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25
Three ways the opiates are transmitted peripherally are through ______, _____, and ________.
lymph blood axoplasmatic flow
26
Release of brain opiates is induced after ______ minutes of physical activity.
20-30
27
List 8 steps to production of manual therapy lesion
``` collagen trauma receptor damage reduced muscle fiber recruitment tonic fiber atrophy reduced antigravity stability motion around non-physiologic axes acute locking pain and guarding ```
28
________ are predisposed to locking
Hypermobilities
29
When a segment reaches threshold spillover, all _____ in that segment will fire.
Neurons
30
Segment in lesion has a ______threshold and ______reflex response.
lower | higher
31
Segment in lesion is a collector of afferents from above and below. This means a clinician's articulation do not have to be ________ specific to inhibit pain.
segmentally
32
Brain is a segment that can facilitate or _____ a segment in lesion.
inhibit
33
Which nerve fibers are more resistance to ischemic conditions?
smaller diameter
34
basic nerve cell is....
neuron
35
nerve cell body contains....
nucleus surrounded by perikaryon
36
Processes with each possessing sensory receptor at the end are _____ whose function is to receive info from other neurons
dendrites
37
_______ communicate with other neurons or target organs.
axons
38
Envelop axons and provide metabolic and structural support to axons
Schwann cells
39
Serve to greatly increase the conduction velocity of an action potential down the axon
nodes of Ranvier
40
Action potential jumping from node to node
saltatory conduction
41
_______ is directly related to speed in which the fiber can transmit an action potential
diameter
42
______ fibers carry information into the central nervous system
Afferent
43
______ fibers send impulses out.
Efferent
44
Nerve fiber and Schwann cells are surrounded by loose connective tissue called ________
endoneurium
45
Bundles of nerve fibers comprise a ______ surrounded by a ______.
fascicle | perineurium
46
peripheral nerve contains more than one fascicle, then these are surrounded by _______.
epineurium
47
______ primarily resists compressional forces, stretching, and ischemia.
perineurium (roots lack)
48
Convert stimuli from the external or internal environments into afferent nerve impuslses
sensory receptors
49
respond to stimuli from outside the body
exteroceptors
50
respond to the skeletal system
proprioceptors
51
respond to stimuli from viscera
Interoceptors
52
receptors are branched or unbranched free nerve endings responsible for cutaneous temperature and pain
simple
53
receptors involve the association with non-neural tissues to complete their funciton
complex
54
responsible for regulation of muscle tone via the spinal-stretch reflex
neuromuscular spindle
55
two types of intrafusal muscle fiber
nuclear bag | nuclear chain
56
Afferent fiber course
spinal cord synapse in DRG splits in anterior and posterior ramus
57
Afferent signals come into dorsal horn and synapse.....
lamina 1 and 2 synapse to lamina 5,6 then travel 3 paths
58
1st pathway of impulse after synapsing in Basal Nuclei (lamina 5 and 6)
Interneuron to the ventral horn where is will synapse with motor nerve to generate reflex of flexor muscles of limbs and vertebral column generating guarding of tonic nature
59
2nd pathway of impulse after synapsing in Basal Nuclei (lamina 5 and 6)
Cross over in the spinal cord and enter the lateral spinothalamic tract to ascend to brain for conscious perception of stimulus
60
3rd pathway of impulse after synapsing in Basal Nuclei (lamina 5 and 6)
- Intermediate lateral horn cells to synapse with gray rami communicantes of sympathetic nervous system - travel out of spinal cord and synapse with sympathetic chain ganglion
61
What are the 3 different pathways for a impulse after synapsing in laminas 5 and 6?
Ventral horn for reflex response Spinothalamic tract for brain perception Intermediate lateral horn cells for sympathetic response
62
_____ root is made up of sensory, or afferent, fibers bringing information from various parts of the body into the spinal cord
dorsal
63
_____ root consists predominantly of efferent nerve fibers
ventral
64
Medial branch of posterior primary rami innervates _______
facet capsule in spine, contralateral facet
65
Upper cervical spine, facets can receive input from ______
5 segments below
66
Mid cervical and thoracic spine, facets can receive input from ________
2 segments above and below
67
Lumbar spine, facets can receive input from ______
1 segment above and below
68
Tract of the recurrent nerve
Branches off the ventral root and exits intervertebral foramen with nerve root. Collects sympathetic nervous system fibers and returns in the intervertebral foramen
69
Recurrent nerve innervates.....
``` anterior portion of annulus posterior longitudinal ligament anterior dura mater multisegmental contralateral also ```
70
Produces increased presynaptic inhibitory blockade of inward flow of nociceptive input
Increased activation of cortical reticular neurons
71
Enhances intensity of ongoing painful experiences
Increased activity of rostral reticular neurons
72
______ is the neurotransmitter that deviates afferent nerve endings into the dorsal horn
Prostaglandins
73
3 different major pathways for opiates
Cerebral spinal fluid blood vessels axo-plasmatic flow
74
______ activation reduces the amount of ________ released by action potentials in primary afferent fibers
Enkephalin | Substance P
75
Type I mechanoreceptors
``` Low threshold stimulation fires with motion and even at rest one layer of collagen provides proprioception postural awareness beginning and end range of tension tonic reflexogenic effects neck, hip, shoulder inhibit pain ```
76
Type II mechanoreceptors
``` low threshold deeper internal layer of capsule provides kinesthesia with dynamic motion beginning and mid range of tension phasic reflexogenic effects lumbar, foot, hand, TMJ inhibit pain ```
77
Type III mechanoreceptors
joint ligaments high threshold entirely reflexogenic inhibitory toward motor unit activity of muscles
78
Type IV mechanoreceptors
nociceptive throughout capsule, articular fat pad, joint ligaments threshold reached by abnormal tissue deformity
79
unmyelinated C fibers
dull aching type pain more associated with arthritic pain
80
A delta fiber
thinly myelinated | produces sharper sensation of pain that one might associate with tearing a muscle
81
Chemicals to activate nociceptors
``` lactic acid potassium ion 5-hydroxytryptamine polypeptide kinens prostaglandin histamine ```
82
4 responses to pain
1- primarily an ipsilateral motor response 2- perceptual, stim crosses over the contralateral spinal thalamic tract 3- sympathetic 4- remove stimulus causing pain
83
One's conscious awareness of one's static position of one's joints
Postural sensation
84
One's conscious assessment of direction, velocity, and amplitude of joint movement
Kinesthesis
85
Functions of the mechanoreceptors in the capsules of costotransverse and costovertebral joints:
1- conscious awareness of respiratory deficits when they are augments 2-reflexogenic function of paravertebral musculature, diaphragm activity, and intercostal muscles
86
Chronic joint needs which type of mobs and why
Lost GAG, lost elasticity. Elasticity is beginning range of collagen tension = no longer a beginning range. Type I stretch at end range is better
87
What is the result of dorsal horn inhibition?
decrease in pain reduction in muscle guarding normalization of sympathetic firing
88
Experience of pain is generated by ________
second thalamic projection system

Neurophysiology (1 decks)

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